Biology:Pink cockatoo

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Short description: Type of cockatoo

Pink cockatoo
Major Mitchell's Cockatoo 1 - Mt Grenfell.jpg
Pink cockatoo with its crest raised in New South Wales, Australia
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Cacatuidae
Genus: Cacatua
Subgenus: Lophochroa
Bonaparte, 1857
Species:
C. leadbeateri
Binomial name
Cacatua leadbeateri
(Vigors, 1831)
Subspecies

C. (L.). l. leadbeateri  (Vigors, 1831)
C. (L.). l. mollis  (Mathews, 1912)

Bird range major mitchells cockatoo.png
Pink cockatoo range (in red)
Synonyms[1]

Plyctolophus leadbeateri Vigors, 1831
Plyctolophus erythropterus Swainson, 1837
Lophochroa leadbeateri

The pink cockatoo (Cacatua leadbeateri), also known as Major Mitchell's cockatoo or Leadbeater's cockatoo, is a medium-sized cockatoo that inhabits arid and semi-arid inland areas across Australia , with the exception of the north east.[2][3][4]

Taxonomy and naming

Irish naturalist Nicholas Aylward Vigors described the species in 1831 as Plyctolophus leadbeateri.[5] The scientific name commemorates the London naturalist and taxidermist Benjamin Leadbeater, who had given Vigors what would become the type specimen.[6] Edward Lear painted it in his 1832 work Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots.[7] Citing Lear, William Swainson gave it the name Plyctolophus erythropterus.[8]

The pink cockatoo is more closely related to Cacatua than is the galah. Its lineage diverged around the time of or shortly after the acquisition of the long crest; probably the former as this crest type is not found in all Cacatua cockatoos, so must have been present in an early or incipient stage at the time of the divergence of the pink cockatoo's ancestors. Like the galah, this species has not lost the ability to deposit diluted pigment dyes in its body plumage, although it does not produce melanin colouration anymore, resulting in a lighter bird overall compared to the galah. Indeed, disregarding the crest, the pink cockatoo looks almost like a near-leucistic version of that species. Another indication of the early divergence of this species from the "white" cockatoo lineage is the presence of features found otherwise only in corellas, such as its plaintive yodeling cry, as well as others which are unique to pink and the true white cockatoos, for example the large crest and rounded wing shape.[9]

In 2023, this species was reclassified into the genus Cacatua by the International Ornithological Congress; although it represents a very basal member of the clade, it shares close morphological, behavioural, and vocal features to other members of the genus. Due to this, the former genus Lophochroa may be better considered a monotypic subgenus of Cacatua.[9][10][11]

Prior to 2023, "Major Mitchell's cockatoo" was designated the official name for this species by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).[12] "Pink cockatoo" was its official name (with Major Mitchell as an alternative) in the 1926 official RAOU checklist, and was reinstated as the official name in 2023 following the IOC's taxonomic change.[13] The bird became linked to Major Thomas Mitchell after he described the species in glowing terms in his books on his expeditions, calling it the "cockatoo of the interior". Mitchell himself called it the red-top cockatoo. Before this John Gould had called it Leadbeater's cockatoo (derived from the species name) in 1848,[6] as had Lear in 1832.[7] Gould added that people of the Swan River Colony called it pink cockatoo, and recorded an indigenous name Jak-kul-yak-kul.[14] Other names include desert cockatoo, and chockalott, chock-a-lock, joggle-joggle, and wee juggler, the last anglicised from the Wiradjuri wijugla.[6] In Central Australia south of Alice Springs, the Pitjantjatjara term is kakalyalya.[15] Names recorded from South Australia include kukkalulla (Kokatha dialect of Western Desert language), nkuna and ungkuna (Arrernte), yangkunnu (Barngarla), and yangwina (Wirangu),[16] and yel-le-lek (from the Wimmera), and cal-drin-ga (from the lower Murray).[17]

BirdLife Australia officially renamed Major Mitchell's cockatoo back to pink cockatoo in 2023, due to Mitchell's involvement in the massacre of Aboriginal people at Mount Dispersion and a general trend to make species names more culturally inclusive.[3]

Description

Adult perched on a tree in Melbourne Zoo

The pink cockatoo has a soft-textured white and salmon-pink plumage and large, bright red and yellow crest.[18] Its former name referenced Major Thomas Mitchell, who wrote, "Few birds more enliven the monotonous hues of the Australian forest than this beautiful species whose pink-coloured wings and flowing crest might have embellished the air of a more voluptuous region."[19] Pink cockatoo females and males are almost identical. The males are usually bigger. The female has a broader yellow stripe on the crest and develop a red eye when mature.[20]

Reproduction and lifespan

The bird reaches sexual maturity around 3–4 years old. The oldest recorded pink cockatoo died at 83 years old.[21]

Distribution and habitat

In contrast to those of the galah, populations of pink cockatoos have declined rather than increased as a result of man-made changes to the arid interior of Australia. Where galahs readily occupy cleared and part-cleared land, pink cockatoos require extensive woodlands, particularly favouring conifers (Callitris spp.), sheoak (Allocasuarina spp.) and eucalypts. Unlike other cockatoos, pink cockatoo pairs will not nest close to one another, so they cannot tolerate fragmented, partly cleared habitats, and their range is contracting.

In the Mallee region of Victoria where the galah and pink cockatoo can be found to be nesting in the same area, the two species have interbred and produced hybridised offspring occasionally.[22]

The pink cockatoo is usually found in pairs or small groups, and feeds both on the ground and in trees.[4]

Conservation status

Australia

The pink cockatoo is listed as endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.[23]

Victoria

  • The pink cockatoo is listed as a threatened species on the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988).[24] Under this Act, an Action Statement for the recovery and future management of this species has been prepared.[25]
  • On the 2013 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria, this species is listed as vulnerable.[26]

Aviculture

"Cookie", was a pink cockatoo and was a beloved resident of Illinois' Brookfield Zoo near Chicago from the time the zoo opened in 1934 until his death on 27 August 2016. Cookie was 83 years old and he had been retired from public display since 2009, due to ill health prior to his death.

Gallery

  • "Plyctolophus leadbeateri, Leadbeater's Cockatoo" in Lear's influential 1832 monograph.

  • Cookie, a cockatoo that lived to be 83 years old, housed in the Brookfield Zoo[27]

  • In flight

References

  1. ↑ Australian Biological Resources Study (29 February 2012). "Subspecies Lophochroa leadbeateri leadbeateri (Vigors, 1831)". Australian Faunal Directory. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9c73df1d-400f-4657-b61c-a216be2a964d. 
  2. ↑ "Master Lists – IOC World Bird List". worldbirdnames.org. https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ioc-lists/master-list-2/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Stafford, Andrew (16 September 2023). "What's in a name? The renaming of the pink cockatoo is no small thing in Australia's violent history". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/commentisfree/2023/sep/16/pink-cockatoo-australian-bird-of-the-year-guardian-birdlife. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Joseph M. Forshaw (2010). Parrots of the World. Princeton University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1400836208. https://books.google.com/books?id=nImgkTTCQrsC&pg=PA26. 
  5. ↑ Vigors, Nicholas Aylward (1831). "April 26, 1831". Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1–2: 61. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12861469. Retrieved 16 October 2021. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Gray, Jeannie; Fraser, Ian (2013). Australian Bird Names: A Complete Guide. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 124, 128–130. ISBN 9780643104709. https://books.google.com/books?id=W1TCqHVWQp0C&q=fraser+bird+names. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lear, Edward (1832). Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots. London: Self. p. Pl. 5. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40634433. Retrieved 21 October 2021. 
  8. ↑ Swainson, William John (1837). On the Natural History and Classification of Birds. 2. London: Longman. p. 302. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53428566. Retrieved 21 October 2021. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Brown, D.M. & Toft, C.A. (1999): Molecular systematics and biogeography of the cockatoos (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae). Auk 116(1): 141–157.
  10. ↑ Les Christidis & Walter E Boles (2008) Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds, CSIRO Publishing
  11. ↑ "Taxonomic Updates – IOC World Bird List". https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/taxonomy/. 
  12. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds (2021). "Parrots & cockatoos". World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/. 
  13. ↑ Checklist Committee, Royal Australasian Ornithologist's Union (1926). Official checklist of the birds of Australia compiled by the Checklist Committee, Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union ; with appendix, scientific names—notes and pronunciation. Melbourne: H.J. Green, Govt. Printer. p. 45. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58084261. Retrieved 20 October 2021. 
  14. ↑ Gould, John (1848) (in en). The Birds of Australia. Volume 6.. London: Printed by R. and J. E. Taylor; pub. by the author, 1840–1848. pp. Pl. 2, et seq. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48400939. Retrieved 16 October 2021. 
  15. ↑ Cliff Goddard (1992). Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara To English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Alice Springs, Northern Territory: Institute for Aboriginal Development. p. 26. ISBN 0-949659-64-9. 
  16. ↑ Condon, H.T. (1955). "Aboriginal bird names – South Australia Part One". South Australian Ornithologist 21 (6–7): 74–88. https://birdssa.asn.au/images/saopdfs/Volume21/1955V21P074.pdf. Retrieved 20 October 2021. 
  17. ↑ Halley, Jacob John (1871). A monograph of the Psittacidae, or parrot family of Australia. Melbourne: Self. p. 7. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56681254. Retrieved 21 October 2021. 
  18. ↑ Iain Campbell; Sam Woods (2013). Wildlife of Australia. Princeton University Press. p. 138. ISBN 9781400846825. https://books.google.com/books?id=e0Jq2DwwDaAC&pg=PA138. 
  19. ↑ John Gould (1865). Handbook to The Birds of Australia, Volume 2. 
  20. ↑ Major Mitchell's Cockatoo Handbook of the Birds of the World
  21. ↑ "Cacatua leadbeateri" (in en-US). The Moirai – Aging Research. 20 October 2016. http://www.clarecanfield.com/cacatua-leadbeateri/. 
  22. ↑ Hurley. V, The State of Australias Birds 2008, Major mitchell's Cockatoo: changing threats, Birds Australia, p. 8 ISSN 1036-7810
  23. ↑ "Lophochroa leadbeateri leadbeateri — Major Mitchell's Cockatoo (eastern), Eastern Major Mitchell's Cockatoo". https://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=82926. 
  24. ↑ Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria
  25. ↑ Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria
  26. ↑ DELWP (2013), Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria: 2013, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, https://www.environment.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/50450/Advisory-List-of-Threatened-Vertebrate-Fauna_FINAL-2013.pdf, retrieved 30 June 2019 
  27. ↑ "Cookie Cockatoo "Retires"". 9 October 2009. http://www.czs.org/czs/Cookie.aspx. 

Further reading

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q644135 entry



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