Biology:Macrosternodesmidae

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Macrosternodesmidae is a family of flat-backed millipedes in the order Polydesmida.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Some authorities deem Macrosternodesmidae to be a junior synonym of Trichopolydesmidae.[8][9] Others accept Macrosternodesmidae as a valid family but disagree regarding the genera included in this family.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Taxonomy

In 1916, the French myriapodologist Henry W. Brölemann proposed Macrosternodesmini as a tribe to include the monotypic European genus Macrosternodesmus,[10] which he had described earlier in 1908.[11] In 1980, the American biologist Richard L. Hoffman elevated this tribe name to family status as Macrosternodesmidae.[12][13] In 2013, however, the Russian zoologist Sergei I. Golovatch deemed Macrosternodesmidae to be a junior synonym of Trichopolydesmidae.[8] In 2017, the biologists William A. Shear and James M. Reddell rejected this proposed synonymy and retained Macrosternodesmidae as a valid family mostly endemic to North America but also including Macrosternodesmus and three other monotypic European genera.[14]

Authorities often consider Nearctodesmidae to be a junior synonym of Macrosternodesmidae.[15][8] In 2017, Shear and Reddell placed the genera previously assigned to the family Nearctodesmidae in a new subfamily Nearctodesminae in the family Macrosternodesmidae.[14] Others have adopted this proposed revision.[16][17] In 2019, Shear, Rowland M. Shelley, and David B. Steinmann proposed two new genera (Packardesmus and Coloradesmus) and placed them in the other subfamily (Macrosternodesminae) in this family.[18][12] Some authorities accept Macrosternodesmidae as a valid family but nevertheless place Macrosternodesmus, Packardesmus, and Coloradesmus in the family Trichopolydesmidae instead.[1][19]

Description

As described by Shear and Reddell based on North American species, the millipedes in this family feature a small collum shaped like a transverse oval and well developed paranota. Species in this family range from white to brown or red.[14] Whereas millipedes in the subfamily Macrosternodesmidae are small (2.5 mm to 12 mm in length) and often lack pigment,[12] those in the subfamily Neactodesminae are much larger (10 mm to 35 mm in length) and often brown, orange, pink, or red.[18] Whereas Macrosternodesmines feature short antennae with bulbous distal segments, Nearctodesmines feature long antennae with cylindrical distal segments.[12] The tergites feature setae that are often arranged on rows of tubercles in Macrosternodesmines, but these surfaces are entirely smooth and lack setae in Nearctodesmines.[14][12]

Genera

The revisions proposed by Shear, Reddell, Shelley, and Steinmann would include at least the following genera in the following two subfamilies in this family:[14][18][12]

Subfamily Macrosternodesminae Brölemann, 1916
  • Chaetaspis Bollman, 1887
  • Coloradesmus Shear & Steinmann, 2019
  • Macrosternodesmus Brölemann, 1908
  • Nevadesmus Shear, 2009
  • Ophiodesmus Cook, 1895
  • Packardesmus Shear & Shelley, 2019
  • Pratherodesmus Shear, 2009
  • Sequoiadesmus Shear & Shelley, 2008
  • Speodesmus Loomis, 1939
  • Speorthus Chamberlin, 1952
  • Tidesmus Chamberlin, 1943
Subfamily Nearctodesminae Chamberlin & Hoffman, 1950
  • Bistolodesmus Shelley, 1994
  • Ergodesmus Chamberlin, 1949
  • Kepolydesmus Chamberlin, 1910
  • Leonardesmus Shelley & Shear, 2006
  • Nearctodesmus Silvestri, 1910

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Sierwald, P.; Decker, P.; Spelda, J.. "MilliBase - Macrosternodesmidae Brölemann, 1916". https://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=888740. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Macrosternodesmidae Report". https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=569041. Retrieved 2018-02-23. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Macrosternodesmidae" (in en). https://www.gbif.org/species/4028. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Macrosternodesmidae articles - Encyclopedia of Life". https://www.eol.org/pages/51547785/articles. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Macrosternodesmidae Family Information". https://bugguide.net/node/view/513414. Retrieved 2018-02-23. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Macrosternodesmidae Brölemann, 1916 | COL". https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NJMF. 
  7. ↑ Shelley, R.M.. "The myriapods, the world's leggiest animals". https://ag.tennessee.edu/EPP/Pages/Nadiplochilo/Nadiplochilo.aspx. Retrieved 2018-02-23. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Golovatch, Sergei (2013-10-04). "A reclassification of the millipede superfamily Trichopolydesmoidea, with descriptions of two new species from the Aegean region (Diplopoda, Polydesmida)" (in en). ZooKeys (340): 63–78 [75]. doi:10.3897/zookeys.340.6295. ISSN 1313-2970. PMID 24146592. PMC 3800799. Bibcode: 2013ZooK..340...63G. https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/3302/. 
  9. ↑ Enghoff, Henrik; Golovatch, Sergei; Short, Megan; Stoev, Pavel; Wesener, Thomas (2015-01-01), "Diplopoda — taxonomic overview" (in en), Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2 (Brill): pp. 363–453, doi:10.1163/9789004188273_017, ISBN 978-90-04-18827-3, https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004188273/B9789004188273_017.xml, retrieved 2024-06-05 
  10. ↑ Brölemann, Henry Wilfred (1916). "Essai de classification des Polydesmiens (Myriapodes)" (in French). Annales de la Société entomologique de France 84 (4): 523–608 [585]. doi:10.1080/21686351.1915.12279415. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8559505#page/625/mode/1up. 
  11. ↑ Brölemann, H.-W. (1908). "Description d'un genre nouveau et d'une espece nouvelle de Myriapodes de France" (in French). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 1908: 94–96. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.5606. ISSN 0037-928X. Bibcode: 1908AnSEF1908...94.. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/5606. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Shear, William A.; Steinmann, David B. (2019-08-19). "Cave millipedes of the United States. XV. Coloradesmus gen. nov. (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Macrosternodesmidae), and four new species from caves in Colorado, USA". Subterranean Biology 32: 15–32 [17–19]. doi:10.3897/subtbiol.32.38161. ISSN 1314-2615. https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/38161/. 
  13. ↑ Shelley, Rowland M. (2002). "A revised, annotated, family-level classification of the Diplopoda". Arthropoda Selecta 11 (3): 187–207 [200]. https://kmkjournals.com/upload/PDF/ArthropodaSelecta/11/11_3%20187_207%20Shelley.pdf. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Shear, William A.; Reddell, James M. (2017-01-01). "Cave millipedes of the United States. XIV. Revalidation of the genus Speorthus Chamberlin, 1952 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Macrosternodesmidae), with a description of a new species from Texas and remarks on the families Polydesmidae and Macrosternodesmidae in North America". Insecta Mundi 0529: 1–13 [5–6, 8]. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/1034/. 
  15. ↑ Shear, W. (2011). "Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844". in Zhang, Z.-Q.. Animal biodiversity : an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa. pp. 159–164 [164]. ISBN 978-1-86977-850-7. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p164.pdf. 
  16. ↑ Sierwald, P.; Decker, P.; Spelda, J.. "MilliBase - Nearctodesminae Chamberlin & Hoffman, 1950". https://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1741989. 
  17. ↑ "Nearctodesminae Chamberlin & Hoffman, 1950 | COL". https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/C7VSM. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Shear, William A.; Shelley, Rowland M. (2019-02-20). "Solved after 140 years: the identity of the millipede Polydesmus cavicola Packard, 1877, and proposal of Packardesmus n. gen. (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Macrosternodesmidae)" (in en). Zootaxa 4559 (2): 384–390 [384–386]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4559.2.11. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 30791024. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331232616. 
  19. ↑ Sierwald, P.; Decker, P.; Spelda, J.. "MilliBase - Trichopolydesmidae Verhoeff, 1910". https://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=888798. 

Further reading

  • Lee, Paul; Harding, P. (2006). Atlas of the millipedes (Diplopoda) of Britain and Ireland. 59. Pensoft. 
  • Hoffman, Richard L. (1999). Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History. 
  • Foddai, Donatella; Dallai, Romano (1995). Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Pauropoda, Symphyla. Calderini. 
  • Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer. 2008. ISBN 978-1402062421. 

Wikidata ☰ Q6441497 entry



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