Biology:Magpie

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Magpies are birds of various species of the family Corvidae. Like other members of their family, they are widely considered to be intelligent creatures. The Eurasian magpie, for instance, is thought to rank among the world's most intelligent creatures,[1][2] and is one of the few nonmammalian species able to recognize itself in a mirror test.[3] Magpies have shown the ability to make and use tools, imitate human speech, grieve, play games, and work in teams.[4] They are particularly well known for their songs and were once popular as cagebirds. In addition to other members of the genus Pica, corvids considered magpies are in the genera Cissa, Urocissa, and Cyanopica.

Magpies of the genus Pica are generally found in temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and western North America, with populations also present in Tibet and high-elevation areas of Kashmir. Magpies of the genus Cyanopica are found in East Asia and the Iberian Peninsula. The birds called magpies in Australia are, however, not closely related to the magpies in the rest of the world.[5]

Name

The name is a combination of "mag" and "pie". The "pie" part of the name derives from an earlier name for the animal that can be traced back to the PIE root *(s)peik-. Itself possible derived from the PIE root *pi, implying pointedness. Possibly in reference to its pointed beak, or its long tail.[6] The tendency in previous centuries was to give birds common names, such as robin redbreast (which now is called the robin) and jenny wren. The magpie was originally variously maggie pie and mag pie.[6][7] The term "pica" for the human disorder involving a compulsive desire to eat items that are not food is borrowed from the Latin name of the magpie, pica, for its reputed tendency to feed on miscellaneous things.[8]

Systematics and species

According to some studies, magpies do not form the monophyletic group they are traditionally believed to be; tails have elongated (or shortened) independently in multiple lineages of corvid birds.[9] Among the traditional magpies, two distinct lineages apparently exist. One consists of Holarctic species with black and white colouration, and is probably closely related to crows and Eurasian jays. The other contains several species from South to East Asia with vivid colouration, which is predominantly green or blue. The azure-winged magpie and the Iberian magpie, formerly thought to constitute a single species with a most peculiar distribution, have been shown to be two distinct species, and are classified as the genus Cyanopica.[10]

Other research has cast doubt on the taxonomy of the Pica magpies, since P. hudsonia and P. nuttalli may not be different species, whereas the Korean race of P. pica is genetically very distinct from the other Eurasian (as well as the North American) forms. Either the North American, Korean, and remaining Eurasian forms are accepted as three or four separate species, or else only a single species, Pica pica, exists.[11]

Oriental (blue and green) magpies

Azure-winged magpies

Holarctic (black-and-white) magpies

  • Genus Pica
    • Eurasian magpie, Pica pica
    • Black-billed magpie, Pica hudsonia (may be conspecific with P. pica)
    • Yellow-billed magpie, Pica nuttalli (may be conspecific with P. (pica) hudsonia)
    • Asir magpie, Pica asirensis (may be conspecific with P. pica)
    • Maghreb magpie, Pica mauritanica (may be conspecific with P. pica)
    • Oriental magpie, Pica serica (may be conspecific with P. pica)
    • Black-rumped magpie. Pica bottanensis (may be conspecific with P. pica)

Other "magpies"

  • The black magpies, Platysmurus, are treepies; they are neither magpies, nor as was long believed, jays. Treepies are a distinct group of corvids externally similar to magpies.
  • The Australian magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen, is conspicuously "pied", with black and white plumage reminiscent of a Eurasian magpie. It is a member of the family Artamidae and not a corvid.
  • The magpie-robins, members of the genus Copsychus, have a similar "pied" appearance, but they are Old World flycatchers, unrelated to the corvids.

Human interactions

Cultural references

The magpie was named the official bird of the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in May 2025.[12]

East Asia

The magpie is a national bird of Korea and a symbol of its capital Seoul.[13]

Europe

In European culture, the magpie is reputed to collect shiny objects such as wedding rings and other valuables, a well known example being Rossini's opera La Gazza Ladra (The Thieving Magpie). A recent study conducted by Exeter University found that Eurasian magpies express neophobia when presented with unfamiliar objects, and were less likely to approach or interact with the shiny objects—metal screws, foil rings and aluminium foil—used in the experiments.[14] However, magpies are naturally curious like other members of the corvid family, and may collect shiny objects, but do not favour shiny objects over dull ones.[15]

As pests

Magpies are common orchard pests in some regions of the world.[16][17]

In culture

Magpies are the National bird of Bangladesh.

In England, magpies were traditionally viewed as omens either of fortune or misfortune, depending upon the number of birds one saw. An English nursery rhyme known as "One for Sorrow" recounts the tradition:

One for sorrow,
Two for joy,
Three for a girl,
Four for a boy,
Five for silver,
Six for gold,
Seven for a secret never to be told.[18]

John Brand was an English antiquarian and Church of England clergyman, who was appointed Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries, in 1784. His book, Observations of Popular Antiquities, (1780), has the first-known record of counting Magpies to predict good or ill-fortune, in the description, and records only four lines:

"One for sorrow, Two for mirth, Three for a funeral, And four for a birth". Popular antiquities later became known as folklore, (a term coined by William John Thoms in 1846).

In that year, the rhyme was added to Proverbs and Popular Sayings of the Seasons, by Michael Aislabie Denham, an English merchant and collector of folklore. The following lines were added:

"Five for heaven, Six for hell, Seven for the devil, his own self". Sir Humphry Davy attributed the connection for the feeling of one, then two magpies to joy and sorrow in his, Salmonia : or Days of Fly Fishing, (1828); he wrote: "For anglers in spring it is always unlucky to see single magpies, but two may be always regarded as a favourable omen; and the reason is, that in cold and stormy weather one magpie alone leaves the nest in search of food, the other remaining sitting upon the eggs or the young ones; but when two go out together, it is only when the weather is warm and mild, and thus favourable for fishing."[19]

In sports, some teams that wear black and white striped kits are nicknamed the magpies, such as Newcastle United and Notts County from England.[20][21]

References

  1. ↑ Connor, Steve (19 August 2008). "Magpies reflect on a newly discovered intellectual prowess". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/magpies-reflect-on-a-newly-discovered-intellectual-prowess-901857.html. 
  2. ↑ "Eurasian Magpie: A True Bird Brain". Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/story/eurasian-magpie-a-true-bird-brain. 
  3. ↑ De Waal, Frans, ed (2008). "Mirror-Induced Behavior in the Magpie (Pica pica): Evidence of Self-Recognition". PLOS Biology (Public Library of Science) 6 (8): e202. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202. PMID 18715117. 
  4. ↑ Administrator (2016-09-12). "Eurasian Magpie: A True Bird Brain" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/explore/savingearth/eurasian-magpie-a-true-bird-brain. 
  5. ↑ Joseph, Leo (2017-12-12). "It's beloved, but Australia's magpie is an international bird of mystery | Leo Joseph" (in en). http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/dec/12/its-beloved-but-australias-magpie-is-an-international-bird-of-mystery. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "magpie". https://www.etymonline.com/word/magpie. 
  7. ↑ magpie (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/112371  (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  8. ↑ pica (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/143319  (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  9. ↑ Ericson, Per G. P.; Jansén, Anna-Lee; Johansson, Ulf S. & Ekman, Jan (2005): Inter-generic relationships of the crows, jays, magpies and allied groups (Aves: Corvidae) based on nucleotide sequence data. Journal of Avian Biology 36: 222–234.
  10. ↑ Kyukov et al, Synchronic east–west divergence in azure-winged magpies (Cyanopica cyanus) and magpies (Pica pica), Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 42(4): 342-351 (2004)
  11. ↑ Lee, Sang-im; Parr, Cynthia S.; Hwang, Youna; Mindell, David P. & Choe, Jae C. (2003): Phylogeny of magpies (genus Pica) inferred from mtDNA data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29: 250–257.
  12. ↑ per CBC
  13. ↑ "Tree, Flower & Bird -" (in en-US). https://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-views/seoul-symbols/4-tree-flower-bird/. 
  14. ↑ "Magpies 'don't steal shiny objects'" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2014-08-16. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-28797519. 
  15. ↑ "Do Magpies Like Stealing Shiny Things?" (in en). 2019-04-15. https://www.audubon.org/news/do-magpies-stealing-shiny-things. 
  16. ↑ "Birds / Cherry / Agriculture: Pest Management Guidelines". http://ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/cherry/Birds/. 
  17. ↑ "Birds on Tree Fruits and Vines Management Guidelines". 2005-05-20. http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74152.html. 
  18. ↑ P. Tate (2010). Flights of Fancy: Birds in Myth, Legend, and Superstition. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1409035695. https://books.google.com/books?id=OFmORVI7x_EC&dq=%22one+for+sorrow%2C+two+for+joy%22+rhyme+magpie&pg=PT76. 
  19. ↑ Paris, John Ayrton (1831). The Life of Sir Humphry Davy: Volume I. London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley. p. 468. 
  20. ↑ Spiers, Tim (9 September 2024). "Villans, Cherries, Toffees and Tractor Boys: The origins of English football club nicknames" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5753588/2024/09/09/english-football-nicknames-premier-league/#:~:text=The%20club's%20official%20nickname%20is,in%20the%201970s%20and%201980s.. 
  21. ↑ "NOTTINGHAM COUNTY – whatsbehindthebadge" (in en-US). https://whatsbehindthebadge.com/index.php/nottingham-county/. 

Further reading

  • Song, S.; Zhang, R.; Alström, P.; Irestedt, M.; Cai, T.; Qu, Y.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Fjeldså, J. et al. (2017). "Complete taxon sampling of the avian genus Pica (magpies) reveals ancient relictual populations and synchronous Late-Pleistocene demographic expansion across the Northern Hemisphere". Journal of Avian Biology 49 (2): jav-01612. doi:10.1111/jav.01612. 

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