Biology:Make People Better

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Make People Better
Directed byCody Sheehy
Produced byCody Sheehy, Samira Kiani, Mark Monroe
Written byMark Monroe
Based onHe Jiankui affair
Music byTyler Stickland
CinematographyCody Sheehy
Edited byGreg O'Toole
Production
company
Rhumbline Media
Distributed byGravitas Films, Cats & Docs, Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, iTunes Store, Amazon Prime Video
Running time
83 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish

Make People Better is a 2022 documentary film about the use of genetic engineering (called CRISPR gene editing) to enhance two twins girls to be immune to HIV. Directed by Cody Sheehy of Rhumbline Media, it was originated by Samira Kiani, a biotechnologist then at Arizona State University.[1] It focuses on the circumstances involving Chinese biologist He Jiankui who created the first genetically modified humans in 2018. Featured experts included Antonio Regalado, senior editor for biomedicine of MIT Technology Review, who first discovered and revealed the secret experiment,[2] and Benjamin Hurlbut, a bioethicist at the Arizona State University.[3]

The film was released on 13 December 2022 by Gravitas Films and Internationally by Cats & Docs. It premiered at Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival,[4] and simultaneously launched on iTunes Store and Amazon Prime Video. The title was taken from James Watson's reply as He asked him, "Do you think that that's [genetically modifying babies is] a good thing to do?"[5]

The Make People Better Podcast released in March of 2023. https://makepeoplebetterfilm.com/podcast/

Background

Code of the Wild: The Nature of Us

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) gene editing is a scientific method by which DNA molecules are cut using an enzyme, CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) so that specific genes can be removed or replaced. The technique, independently developed by Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna, had been used to make genetically modified organisms and better genes in genetic diseases.[6][7] Samira Kiani was a researcher on CRISPR gene editing at Arizona State University and teamed up with Cody Sheehy of the Rhumbline Media to make a documentary film on the revolutionary technique. They started a project called Code of the Wild: The Nature of Us in 2018.[8][9]

They first approached expert in the field, George Church at Harvard University, who was popularly known as the "Founding Father of Genomics",[10][11] and Antonio Regalado, senior editor for biomedicine of MIT Technology Review, who had been well-versed in the development of the technique. Regalado hinted them that CRISPR gene-edited babies would be born in China "very soon". They further learned from Kiani's former acquaintance Ryan Farrell who was working as a public relations specialist to He Jiankui, associate professor in the Department of Biology of the Southern University of Science and Technology(SUSTech) in Shenzhen, China, that He was running a human germline-editing experiment. They visited He for an interview but received no information on the forthcoming genetically modified babies.[12][13]

He Jiankui affair

Main page: Biography:He Jiankui affair

On 25 November 2018, Regalado posted on MIT Technology Review website that He Jiankui was making CRIPSR babies.[14][2] As it was publicised, He was prompted to announce his experiment and posted the news of the birth of twins, nicknamed Lulu and Nana, on YouTube in five videos the same day.[15][16] He formally presented the experiment at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing organized at the University of Hong Kong on 28 November 2018. He explained that the experiment was to make the babies resistant to HIV infection as they were (as embryos) obtained from an HIV-positive father.[17] He specifically used a mutant gene named CCR5-Δ32 that is known to confer innate resistance to HIV.[18][19] The twins were born in secrecy in October 2018,[20] and a third baby (revealed in 2022 as Amy[21]) was then almost born, as He reported.[22]

Although the People's Daily announced the experimental result as "a historical breakthrough in the application of gene editing technology for disease prevention,"[23] the news was met with criticisms from scientists. The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences publicly condemned the experiment as violation of medical regulations and ethical norms.[24] A group of 122 Chinese scientists jointly issued a statement that the experiment was unethical, "crazy" and "a huge blow to the global reputation and development of Chinese science".[23] He's university, local authorities, and the Chinese government made a series of investigations, and He was found guilty of violating academic ethics and national laws on the use of human embryos.[25] On 21 January 2019, He was fired by SUSTech and all connections were terminated.[26] On 30 December 2019, the Shenzhen Nanshan District People's Court sentenced He to three years in prison and with a fine of 3 million RMB (US$430,000).[27][28]

Participants

The film was based on the involvement of the following people:[1][29]

  • He Jiankui, who made the first CRISPR-edited babies
  • Antonio Regalado, editor of MIT Technology Review who first revealed He's experiment
  • Ryan Farrell, a public relations specialist to He
  • Benjamin Hurlbut, a bioethicist at the Arizona State University

Reception and review

Courtney Small on Point of View Magazine gives a positive review, remarking: "A necessary conversation starter, Make People Better is an intriguing examination of a scientist who was hung out to dry by a community who helped elevate him in the first place."[4] Liz Whittemore on Reel News Daily agrees, commenting that it "does an excellent job of putting scientific advances into perspective."[30] Chris Jones on The Atlanta Mail commented it as "an excellent film for anyone interested in" the understanding of scientific development.[31]

However, the film received mostly critical reviews. Beandrea July on The New York Times criticised the film, saying that "a glut of animations and B-roll footage makes the film's visuals feel convoluted, and a flat narrative structure further muddies the waters." She also wrote that the way Sheehy presented the story was clumsy and "deflating the films dramatic tension with so little fanfare that the information’s premature landing barely registers."[3] She also criticised the film for omitting the news that He was released (in April 2022[32]) while the film was being made.[3] Christopher Cross on Tilt said that the documentary is a narrow-sighted view as the case is not just for scientists, and argues that Sheehy "ignores some of the most glaring facets of a hugely impactful breakthrough. As a thriller, Make People Better is solid, but as a documentary, it's better enjoyed as a Wikipedia article."[33]

G. Owen Schaefer, a biomedical ethicist at the National University of Singapore said, "The documentary does not reflect critically on its own title. The origin of the phrase "make people better" is surprising and the film's most clever narrative moment, so I won't spoil it. But does heritable gene editing really make people better? Perhaps instead, it makes better people."[29]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Davies, Kevin (2022). "Breaking the rules". The CRISPR Journal 5 (6): 742–745. doi:10.1089/crispr.2022.29157.kd. ISSN 2573-1602. PMID 36512350. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36512350. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Regalado, Antonio (25 November 2018). "Exclusive: Chinese scientists are creating CRISPR babies - A daring effort is under way to create the first children whose DNA has been tailored using gene editing.". MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612458/exclusive-chinese-scientists-are-creating-crispr-babies/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 July, Beandrea (2022-12-14). "'Make People Better' Review: Clear Science, Confusing Storytelling" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/14/movies/make-people-better-review.html. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Small, Courtney (2022-05-02). "Make People Better Review: Mad Scientist or Scientific Scapegoat?" (in en-US). https://povmagazine.com/make-people-better-review-mad-scientist-or-scientific-scapegoat/. 
  5. ↑ Spitznagel, Eric (2022-12-10). "How one scientist lost big trying to genetically 'enhance' unborn babies" (in en-US). https://nypost.com/2022/12/10/how-one-scientist-lost-big-trying-to-genetically-enhance-unborn-babies/. 
  6. ↑ Ledford, Heidi; Callaway, Ewen (2020). "Pioneers of revolutionary CRISPR gene editing win chemistry Nobel". Nature 586 (7829): 346–347. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02765-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33028993. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33028993. 
  7. ↑ Zhang, Huimin; Qin, Chunhong; An, Changming; Zheng, Xiwang; Wen, Shuxin; Chen, Wenjie; Liu, Xianfang; Lv, Zhenghua et al. (2021-10-01). "Application of the CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing technique in basic research, diagnosis, and therapy of cancer". Molecular Cancer 20 (1): 126. doi:10.1186/s12943-021-01431-6. ISSN 1476-4598. PMID 34598686. 
  8. ↑ Price, Dianne (2018-12-20). "Experts wrestle with today's tough biotechnology questions at third Arizona Biosecurity Workshop" (in en). https://news.asu.edu/20181219-experts-wrestle-today%E2%80%99s-tough-biotechnology-questions-third-arizona-biosecurity-workshop. 
  9. ↑ Molteni, Megan (2022-12-13). "'Make People Better': The CRISPR babies story you probably don't know, and how it was filmed in real-time" (in en-US). https://www.statnews.com/2022/12/13/make-people-better-the-crispr-babies-story/. 
  10. ↑ Huie, Stephanie (2020-04-15). "Dr. George Church, Founding Father of Genomics". https://www.thewindwardschool.org/the-windward-institute/the-beacon/article/~board/beacon-archives/post/dr-george-church-founding-father-of-genomics. 
  11. ↑ Terry, Mark (2022-07-14). "George Church Launches Manifold Bio to Redefine Drug Discovery". https://www.biospace.com/article/the-father-of-genomics-launches-manifold-bio-with-40-million/. 
  12. ↑ Molteni, Megan (2022-12-13). "The CRISPR babies story you probably don't know" (in en-GB). Techtelegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://techtelegraph.co.uk/the-crispr-babies-story-you-probably-dont-know/. 
  13. ↑ Molteni, Megan (2022-12-13). "'Make People Better': The CRISPR babies story you probably don't know, and how it was filmed in real-time" (in en-US). https://www.statnews.com/2022/12/13/make-people-better-the-crispr-babies-story/. 
  14. ↑ Regalado, Antonio (25 November 2018). "Chinese scientists are creating CRISPR babies". MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612458/exclusive-chinese-scientists-are-creating-crispr-babies/. 
  15. ↑ The He Lab (25 November 2018), About Lulu and Nana: Twin Girls Born Healthy After Gene Surgery As Single-Cell Embryos, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=th0vnOmFltc, retrieved 26 April 2019 
  16. ↑ Dyer, Owen (2018). "Researcher who edited babies' genome retreats from view as criticism mounts". BMJ 363: k5113. doi:10.1136/bmj.k5113. PMID 30504437. 
  17. ↑ Caplan, Arthur (2019). "Getting serious about the challenge of regulating germline gene therapy". PLOS Biology 17 (4): e3000223. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000223. PMID 31039143. 
  18. ↑ Belluck, Pam (28 November 2018). "Chinese Scientist Who Says He Edited Babies' Genes Defends His Work". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/28/world/asia/gene-editing-babies-he-jiankui.html. 
  19. ↑ ""Menschenversuche": Geburt genmanipulierter Babys verkündet" (in de-DE). Stern. 26 November 2018. https://www.stern.de/panorama/crispr-cas9-verfahren--menschenversuche---geburt-genmanipulierter-babys-verkuendet-8464784.html. 
  20. ↑ Bulluck, Pam (14 April 2019). "Gene-Edited Babies: What a Chinese Scientist Told an American Mentor". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/14/health/gene-editing-babies.html. 
  21. ↑ Gutierrez C., Nicolas (2022-06-29). "What's next for the gene-edited children from CRISPR trial in China?" (in en-US). https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25533930-700-whats-next-for-the-gene-edited-children-from-crispr-trial-in-china/. 
  22. ↑ Begley, Sharon (28 November 2018). "Amid uproar, Chinese scientist defends creating gene-edited babies - STAT". STAT. https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/28/chinese-scientist-defends-creating-gene-edited-babies/. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Li, Jing-ru; Walker, Simon; Nie, Jing-bao; Zhang, Xin-qing (2019). "Experiments that led to the first gene-edited babies: the ethical failings and the urgent need for better governance". Journal of Zhejiang University Science B 20 (1): 32–38. doi:10.1631/jzus.B1800624. PMID 30614228. 
  24. ↑ Wang, Chen; Zhai, Xiaomei; Zhang, Xinqing; Li, Limin; Wang, Jianwei; Liu, De-Pei; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019-01-05). "Gene-edited babies: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences' response and action". Lancet 393 (10166): 25–26. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)33080-0. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 30522918. 
  25. ↑ Jiang, Steven; Regan, Helen; Berlinger, Joshua (29 November 2018). "China suspends scientists who claim to have produced first gene-edited babies". CNN News. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/29/health/china-gene-editing-he-jiankui-intl/index.html. 
  26. ↑ Ramzy, Austin; Wee, Sui-Lee (2019-01-21). "Scientist Who Edited Babies' Genes Is Likely to Face Charges in China" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/21/world/asia/china-gene-editing-babies-he-jiankui.html. 
  27. ↑ Wee, Sui-Lee (30 December 2019). "Chinese Scientist Who Genetically Edited Babies Gets 3 Years in Prison - He Jiankui's work was also carried out on a third infant, according to China's state media, in a new disclosure that is likely to add to the global uproar over such experiments.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/30/business/china-scientist-genetic-baby-prison.html. 
  28. ↑ Yee, Isaac; Hollingsworth, Julia (30 December 2019). "Chinese gene-editing scientist jailed for 3 years". https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/30/china/gene-scientist-china-intl-hnk/index.html. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Schaefer, G. Owen (2022-12-20). "Did He Jiankui 'Make People Better'? Documentary spurs a new look at the case of the first gene-edited babies" (in en). http://theconversation.com/did-he-jiankui-make-people-better-documentary-spurs-a-new-look-at-the-case-of-the-first-gene-edited-babies-196714. 
  30. ↑ Whittemore, Liz (2022-12-20). "Review: 'MAKE PEOPLE BETTER' pits science against ethics in Cody Sheehy's new docu-thriller. It's one hell of a conversation starter." (in en-US). https://reelnewsdaily.com/2022/12/20/review-make-people-better-pits-science-against-ethics-in-cody-sheehys-new-docu-thriller-its-one-hell-of-a-conversation-starter/. 
  31. ↑ Jones, Chris (2022-12-13). "Is This Our Future?" (in en). https://theatlantamail.com/article/2022-12-13/is-this-our-future.html. 
  32. ↑ Cohen, Jon (2022-03-21). "As creator of 'CRISPR babies' nears release from prison, where does embryo editing stand?" (in en). Science. doi:10.1126/science.acx9233. https://www.science.org/content/article/creator-crispr-babies-nears-release-prison-where-does-embryo-editing-stand. 
  33. ↑ Cross, Christopher (2022-04-28). "Make People Better Investigates the Ethics of a Scientific Breakthrough" (in en). https://tilt.goombastomp.com/film/make-people-better-review/. 

External links



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