Biology:Mirandornithes

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Mirandornithes[1] (/mɪˌrændɔːrˈnɪθiːz/) is a clade that consists of flamingos and grebes. Many scholars use the term Phoenicopterimorphae for the superorder containing flamingoes and grebes.[2][3]

Determining the relationships between the two groups has been problematic. Flamingos had been placed with numerous branches within Neognathae, such as ducks and storks. The grebes had been placed with the loons. However, more recent genomic studies have confirmed these two branches as sister groups.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Both primitive phoenicopteriformes and their closest relatives, the grebes, were highly aquatic.[10] This indicates that the entire mirandornithe group evolved from aquatic, probably swimming ancestors.[6]

Etymology

The term was coined by Sangster in 2005 to describe the new clade discovered through molecular analyses. It is inspired by the Latin miranda, meaning "wonderful", and the Greek ὄρνις (órnis), meaning bird.[1]

Synapomorphies

According to Mayr (2004) and Sangster (2005), there are at least twelve distinct morphological synapomorphies that are unique to this clade:[1]

  1. "At least the fourth to seventh cervical vertebrae strongly elongate, with processus spinosus forming a marked ridge.
  2. Humerus with a marked oval depression at the insertion site of the musculus scapulohumeralis cranialis.
  3. At least 23 presacral vertebrae.
  4. At least four thoracic vertebrae fused to a notarium.
  5. Distal end of ulna with marked oval depression radialis.
  6. Phalanx proximalis digiti majoris is very elongate and narrow craniocaudally.
  7. Distal rim of condylus medialis of tibiotarsus distinctly notched.
  8. Pars acetabularis of musculus iliotibialis lateralis absent.
  9. Pars caudalis of musculus caudofemoralis absent.
  10. Wing with 12 primaries
  11. Left arteria carotis reduced or absent.
  12. Eggs covered with a chalky layer of amorphous calcium phosphate."

Systematics

Some authors have used alternative names for Mirandornithes, such as Phoenicopterimorphae or include Podicipedidae as a family within Phoenicopteriformes. Other authors do not widely use either option, and Mirandornithes is preferred.[11] The following phylogenetic tree depicts Mirandornithes as recovered by Torres and colleagues in 2015.[12]

Mirandornithes
 

†Juncitarsus

 
 
 

Podicipediformes

 
Phoenicopteriformes
 

†Palaelodidae

 
 

Phoenicopteridae

 
 
 
 

While various phylogenetic studies support the evidence for the sister grouping of flamingos and grebes, the placement of Mirandornithes has been less precise. Mayr (2004) conducted a morphological-based analysis on extant families. In his paper, Mayr found the then unnamed Mirandornithes to be part of a clade that included also loons and penguins, the former family being the sister lineage.[6] Since 2004, however, this arrangement has not been supported, as with the advent of nuclear and mitochondrial genetic research, the placement of Mirandornithes has been placed all over the neoavian tree of life. The most common occurrences place the clade as either the basalmost branch of Neoaves,[13][14][15] or as the sister taxon to Columbimorphae in a clade known as Columbea.[3][16][17] A third option, one that has been the only constant correspondence between morphological and molecular studies of the placement of the clade, is a possible sister relationship to Charadriiformes.[10][18]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Sangster, G. (July 2005). "A name for the flamingo-grebe clade". Ibis 147 (3): 612–615. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2005.00432.x. 
  2. ↑ Joel Cracraft (12 December 2014). "Justifications of names for higher taxa". Science 346 (6215): 1320–1331. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMID 25504713. Bibcode: 2014Sci...346.1320J. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Jarvis, E.D. (12 December 2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science 346 (6215): 1320–1331. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMID 25504713. Bibcode: 2014Sci...346.1320J. 
  4. ↑ Tuinen, Van; Butvill, M.; Kirsch, D.B.; Hedges, S.B. (7 July 2001). "Convergence and divergence in the evolution of aquatic birds". Proc. R. Soc. B 268 (1474): 1345–1350. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1679. PMID 11429133. 
  5. ↑ Chubb, A.L. (January 2004). "New nuclear evidence for the oldest divergence among neognath birds: The phylogenetic utility of ZENK (i)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30 (1): 140–151. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00159-3. PMID 15022765. Bibcode: 2004MolPE..30..140C. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Mayr, G. (February 2004). "Morphological evidence for sister group relationship between flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae) and grebes (Podicipedidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140 (2): 157–169. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00094.x. 
  7. ↑ Fain, M.G. Houde (November 2004). "Parallel radiations in the primary clades of birds". Evolution 58 (11): 2558–2573. doi:10.1554/04-235. PMID 15612298. 
  8. ↑ Ericson, J.I.; Anderson, P.G.P.; Britton, C.L.; Elzanowski, T.; Johansson, A.; Kllersj, U.S.; Ohlson, M.; Parsons, T.J. (22 December 2006). "Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils". Biology Letters 2 (4): 543–547. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523. PMID 17148284. 
  9. ↑ Hackett, S.J. (27 June 2008). "A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history". Science 320 (5884): 1763–1768. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. Bibcode: 2008Sci...320.1763H. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Mayr, G. (2014) The Eocene Juncitarsus – its phylogenetic position and significance for the evolution and higher-level affinities of flamingos and grebes. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 13(1):9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2013.07.005
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Sangsteretal2022
  12. ↑ Torres, C. R.; De Pietri, V. L.; Louchart, A.; Van Tuinen, M. (2015). "New cranial material of the earliest filter feeding flamingo Harrisonavis croizeti (Aves, Phoenicopteridae) informs the evolution of the highly specialized filter feeding apparatus". Organisms Diversity & Evolution 15 (3): 609–618. doi:10.1007/s13127-015-0209-7. https://www.gfbs-home.de/fileadmin/user_upload/ode2mods/ode/ode15/ode15_0609/article.pdf. 
  13. ↑ Braun, Edward L.; Kimball, Rebecca T. (2021). "Data types and the phylogeny of Neoaves.". Birds 2 (1): 1–22. doi:10.3390/birds2010001. 
  14. ↑ Kuhl., H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S. T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B. et al. (2021). "An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life.". Molecular Biology and Evolution 38: 108–127. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa191. PMID 32781465. 
  15. ↑ Stiller, J. et al. (2024). "Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes". Nature 629 (8013): 851–860. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1. PMID 38560995. Bibcode: 2024Natur.629..851S. 
  16. ↑ Reddy, Sushma; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Pandey, Akanksha; Hosner, Peter A.; Braun, Michael J.; Hackett, Shannon J.; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John et al. (2017). "Why Do Phylogenomic Data Sets Yield Conflicting Trees? Data Type Influences the Avian Tree of Life more than Taxon Sampling". Systematic Biology 66 (5): 857–879. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx041. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 28369655. 
  17. ↑ Houde, Peter; Braun, Edward L.; Narula, Nitish; Minjares, Uriel; Mirarab, Siavash (2019). "Phylogenetic Signal of Indels and the Neoavian Radiation". Diversity 11 (7): 108. doi:10.3390/d11070108. ISSN 1424-2818. 
  18. ↑ Prum, R.O. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing". Nature 526 (7574): 569–573. doi:10.1038/nature15697. PMID 26444237. Bibcode: 2015Natur.526..569P. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v526/n7574/full/nature15697.html. 

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