Biology:Muesli
Muesli (/ˈmjuːzli/ MEWZ-lee;[1][2] Template:Lang-gsw [ˈmyə̯sli], non-Swiss Standard German: Müsli [ˈmyːsli] (
listen))[3][note 1][note 2] is a cold oatmeal dish based on rolled oats and ingredients like grains, nuts, seeds and fresh or dried fruits. This mix may be combined with one or more liquids like milk, almond milk, other plant milks, yogurt, or fruit juice and left for a time to soften the oats before being consumed.[4]
Developed around 1900 by Swiss physician Maximilian Bircher-Benner for patients in his hospital,[5] it is now eaten as a standard breakfast dish, and also in Switzerland as a supper called Birchermüesli complet: muesli with Café complet (milk coffee, accompanied with bread, butter, and jam. (Butterbrot)).[4][6]
Etymology
Originally known in Swiss German as Birchermüesli or simply Müesli, the word is an Alemannic diminutive of Mues (non-Swiss Standard German: Mus) which means "mush" or "purée".
History
Muesli was not originally intended as a breakfast food, but as an appetiser similar to bread and butter. It was consumed as Schweizer Znacht (lit.: Swiss supper), but not as a breakfast cereal.[7]
It was introduced around 1900 by Bircher-Benner for patients in his hospital,[5] where a diet rich in fresh fruit and vegetables was an essential part of therapy. It was inspired by a similar "strange dish" that he and his wife had been served on a hike in the Swiss Alps.[4]
Bircher-Benner himself referred to the dish simply as "d'Spys" (Swiss German for "the dish", in German "die Speise"); it was commonly known as Apfeldiätspeise (Apple Diet Meal). Bircher opened a chalet-style sanitorium in Zürichberg called Lebendige Kraft (lit.: lively power). These facilities had risen in popularity during the era of lebensreform, a social movement which valued health foods and vegetarianism.[7]
Recipes
Original Bircher-Benner recipe
The original Bircher-Benner recipe consists of the following ingredients:
- Apples, "two or three small apples or one large one". The whole apple was to be used, including skin, core, and pits.
- Nuts, either walnuts, almonds, or hazelnuts, one tablespoon.
- Rolled oats, one tablespoon, "previously soaked in 3 tablespoons water for 12 hours".
- Lemon juice from half a lemon.
- Either cream and honey or sweetened condensed milk, 1 tablespoon.[8]
The dish was prepared by mixing the cream and honey or condensed milk with the soaked oats and lemon juice and, while stirring, grating the whole apple into the mixture. This method prevented the apple pulp from browning. The intent was to serve the dish fresh, immediately before any other dishes in the meal.[8][9]
Fresh muesli
Muesli traditionally is freshly prepared using dried rolled oats or whole grain oats that have been soaked in water or fruit juice. Other common ingredients are grated or chopped fresh fruit (e.g., bananas, apples, berries, grapes, mango), dried fruit, milk products (e.g., fresh milk, yoghurt, cream, condensed milk, fromage frais, quark, cottage cheese, or nondairy milk substitutes), lemon juice, ground nuts, seeds, spices (especially cinnamon), honey and muesli mix.
The preparation of home-made muesli varies according to the tastes and preferences of the cook, but the basic proportions are around 80% grain, 10% nuts and seeds and 10% dried fruits. Some home cooks prefer to mix the dry ingredients ahead of time and store a batch of it in a container, adding wet ingredients such as fresh fruit, dairy products, honey and fruit juice immediately before serving.
Packaged muesli
Packaged muesli is a loose mixture of mainly rolled oats or cornflakes together with various dried fruit pieces, nuts, and seeds – the main ingredients of any muesli. It commonly contains other rolled cereal grains such as wheat or rye flakes.
There are many varieties, which may also contain honey, spices, or chocolate. Dry packaged muesli can be stored for many months and served quickly after mixing with milk, filmjölk, yogurt, coffee, hot chocolate, fruit juice, or water. If desired, pieces of fresh fruit may be added. Alternatively, the mix may be soaked overnight in milk and then served with fresh fruit or compote to taste.
Cultural specifics
- English-speaking world adaptation
Cafes, restaurants and chefs in the English-speaking world often use the label bircher muesli to distinguish their dishes from the store-bought variety, indicating it has been prepared in a manner based on the original recipe - with grated fresh apple, lemon juice, cream and honey - rather than just being poured from a packet and having milk added. However, these dishes are usually a marked modification of the original recipe rather than a faithful reproduction. Many use orange or apple juice instead of lemon juice, and add other more exotic ingredients such as berries, grated fresh pears, poached or roasted fruit, vanilla essence and agave syrup.[10][11]
- Cultural connotations
Muesli has been associated from the beginning with health-conscious diets and back-to-nature lifestyles. In English-speaking countries, these connotations have led to the coinage of terms linking muesli to social liberalism and the middle classes. These include the British muesli belt[12] and the American granola type.[13]
See also
- Muesli belt malnutrition
Notes and references
- Notes
- References
- ↑ "muesli". Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/muesli. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
- ↑ "MUESLI". Cambridge English Dictionary. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/muesli. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
- ↑ "Müsli, das" (in de). Berlin, Germany: Duden - Rechtschreibung. https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Muesli_Gericht_Speise.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Birchermus / Bircher" (in fr). Lausanne, Switzerland: Association Patrimoine Culinaire Suisse [Swiss Culinary Heritage Association]. 2017. https://www.patrimoineculinaire.ch/Produit/Birchermus-Bircher/175. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kurmann, Joseph A.; Rasic, Jeremija L.; Kroger, Manfred (1992), "Bircher Muesli", Encyclopedia of Fermented Fresh Milk Products: An International Inventory of Fermented Milk, Cream, Buttermilk, Whey, and Related Products (1 ed.), Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, p. 75, ISBN 978-0-442-00869-7, https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780442008697
- ↑ "Café complet, der" (in de). Berlin, Germany: Duden - Rechtschreibung. https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Cafe_complet. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 MacEacheran, Mike (14 August 2017). "How Switzerland transformed breakfast". London, England: British Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170808-how-switzerland-transformed-breakfast. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 M. Bircher-Benner & Max E. Bircher (1985), "IV A. Raw Food Porridge (Bircher Müesli)", Fruit Dishes and Raw Vegetables, Translated by Reginald Snell, Health Research Books, pp. 19–20, ISBN 0787314110, https://books.google.com/books?id=8_o_t-beCXsC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=M.+Bircher-Benner+%26+Max+E.+Bircher,+%27%27Fruit+Dishes+and+Raw+Vegetables%27&source=bl&ots=eQhjacBgI7&sig=nxIHzEmx12D_gLfNB3_4QRNoqTk&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAWoVChMIqYGJ5p3tyAIVx-caCh3rrgs-#v=onepage&q=M.%20Bircher-Benner%20%26%20Max%20E.%20Bircher%2C%20%27%27Fruit%20Dishes%20and%20Raw%20Vegetables%27&f=false
- ↑ Eberhard Wolff (2010). "A new way of living: Maximilian Bircher-Benner". Karger Gazette 71: 11–12. https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/40410/1/Wolff_Bircher-Benner.pdf. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
- ↑ Williams, John (29 January 2014). "Recipes for cancer sufferers: bircher muesli". London, England: Telegraph Media Group. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/healthy-recipes/10599210/Recipes-for-cancer-sufferers-bircher-muesli.html.
- ↑ Ottolenghi, Yotam (15 Jan 2011). "Bircher muesli recipe". London, England: Scott Trust Limited. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/jan/15/bircher-muesli-recipe.
- ↑ "Definition of muesli belt in English". Oxford, England: Oxford University Press/Dictionary.com. https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muesli_belt. "humorous, derogatoryBritish A region regarded as being populated by middle-class, health-conscious people."
- ↑ "Definition of granola in English". Oxford, England: Oxford University Press/Dictionary.com. https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/granola. "1.1 derogatory [as modifier] Denoting people with liberal or Green political views, typified as eating health foods."
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