Biology:Black bushbird
| Black bushbird | |
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| female | |
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| male | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thamnophilidae |
| Genus: | Neoctantes P.L. Sclater, 1869 |
| Species: | N. niger
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| Binomial name | |
| Neoctantes niger (Pelzeln, 1859)
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The black bushbird (Neoctantes niger) is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds".[2] It is found in Brazil , Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.[3]
Taxonomy and systematics
The black bushbird was described by the Austrian ornithologist August von Pelzeln in 1859 and given the binomial name Xenops niger.[4] The current genus Neoctantes was erected by the English zoologist Philip Sclater in 1869.[5]
The black bushbird is the only member of genus Neoctantes and has no subspecies.[2]
Description
The black bushbird is 15 to 16 cm (5.9 to 6.3 in) long and weighs 29 to 32 g (1.0 to 1.1 oz). It is rather stocky with a short tail and an unusual upturned bill. The sexes have different plumage. Adult males are entirely black except for a small, mostly hidden, patch of white between the shoulders. Adult females are mostly sooty black with a rufous breast and upper belly.[6][7][8][9]
Distribution and habitat
The black bushbird has a disjunct distribution. The largest range encompases south-central and southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, northeastern and southeastern Peru, and western Brazil. Isolated ranges are scattered throughout central Amazonian Brazil. The species inhabits lowland terra firme and várzea evergreen forest; it is more common in the latter. It favors dense undergrowth along edges, in treefalls, and along swampy streams.[6][7][8][9]
Behavior
Movement
The black bushbird is a year-round resident throughout its range.[6]
Feeding
The black bushbird is thought to feed on insects and other arthropods. It forages singly or in pairs in dense vegetation from the ground up to about 10 m (35 ft) above it. It occasionally joins mixed-species feeding flocks that pass through its territory but does not travel with them. It forages mostly by picking, hammering, and digging into branches, woody vines, and rotten wood. It uses its unusual bill to wedge or flake off bark or pieces of the substrate.[6][7][8]
Breeding
Only one nest of the black bushbird has been studied. It was found in September in Peru, a messy, bulky cup of leaves and other plant material suspended in a shrub's branch fork. The male was incubating the single egg. The nest failed the next day due to predation or a storm so the incubation period, time to fledging, and other details of parental care could not be determined.[10] Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.[6]
Vocalization
The black bushbird is not highly vocal. Its song is an "often slightly rising series of semimusical 'werk' notes" given for a minute or more at about one note per second.[8] Its call is "distinctive, squealing, two-parted but continuous, with second part lower-pitched"[6], a "nasal 'kyoo' "[8].
Status
The IUCN has assessed the black bushbird as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is not well known and considered rare to locally uncommon, but its numbers may be underestimated due to its secretive habits. "Much of the range of this species is relatively inaccessible, with vast areas of intact habitat" and it occurs in several protected areas.[6]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 BirdLife International (2016). "Black Bushbird Neoctantes niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22701355A93825658. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22701355A93825658.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22701355/93825658. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds (July 2023). "Antbirds". https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/antbirds/.
- ↑ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 26 November 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved November 27, 2023
- ↑ Pelzeln, August von (1959). "Über neue Arten der Gattungen Synallaxis, Anabates und Xenops in der kaiserlichen ornithologischen Sammlung, nebst Auszügen aus Johann Natterer's nachgelassenen Notizen über die von ihm in Brasilien gesammelten Arten der Subfamilien: Furnarinae und Synallaxinae" (in German). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. 34: 99–134 [111]. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6435296.
- ↑ Sclater, Philip L. (1868). "Descriptions of some new or little-know species of Formicarians". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (3): 571–575 [572]. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28665139. The volume is dated 1868 but the issue was published in the following year.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Zimmer, K. and M.L. Isler (2020). Black Bushbird (Neoctantes niger), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.blabus1.01 retrieved December 30, 2023
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. pp. 130. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 423–424, plate 62(11). ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 238–239. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
- ↑ David, S. and Londoño, G.A. (2013). First nesting information on the enigmatic Black Bushbird (Neoctantes niger). Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 125(4): 840–844
Wikidata ☰ Q945879 entry
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