Biology:Neohipparion

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Neohipparion (Greek: "new" (neos), "pony" (hipparion)[1]) is an extinct genus of equid, from the Neogene (Miocene to Pliocene) of North America and Central America.[2][3][4]

Distribution

Fossils of this horse have been found in Texas,[5][6] Kansas,[7][8] South Dakota,[9] Montana,[10] Nevada,[11] Alabama,[12] Florida,[6][13][14] Oregon,[15] and Mexico.[16][17][18]

Description

This prehistoric species of hipparionin equid grew to lengths of up to 4.5 to 5 ft (1.4 to 1.5 m) long.[6]

Palaeoecology

Reproduction

In Florida, Neohipparion lived in a savanna environment during the dry season, but moved to a wet environment when it came time to mate. The average age of death for a newborn colt was 3.5 years, with a juvenile mortality rate of 64% during its first 2 years of existence. However, those that got past those for 2 years of life lived to be 8 years old before expiring.[19]

Diet

δ13C values of N. trampasense from the Love Bone Bed of Florida show it had a clear preference for foraging in open habitats.[14] δ13C values from N. eurystyle fossils found in Florida indicate that it fed almost exclusively on C4 grasses,[20][21] while fossils of the same species from central Mexico indicate a more varied diet that consisted of both C3 and C4 plants.[16]

References

  1. ↑ "Glossary. American Museum of Natural History". https://research.amnh.org/paleontology/perissodactyl/concepts/glossary. 
  2. ↑ "Neohipparion eurystyle" (in en-US). 2017-03-31. https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-vertebrate-fossils/species/neohipparion-eurystyle/. 
  3. ↑ "Neohipparion" (in en-US). 16 February 2018. https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/fossil-horses/gallery/neohipparion/. 
  4. ↑ MacFadden, Bruce J. (1985). "Patterns of Phylogeny and Rates of Evolution in Fossil Horses: Hipparions from the Miocene and Pliocene of North America". Paleobiology 11 (3): 245–257. doi:10.1017/S009483730001157X. ISSN 0094-8373. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/abs/patterns-of-phylogeny-and-rates-of-evolution-in-fossil-horses-hipparions-from-the-miocene-and-pliocene-of-north-america/D834F3B8852457D531CC43F6D60B3621. Retrieved 18 September 2025. 
  5. ↑ Quinn, James Harrison (1952). "Recognition of Hipparions and other horses in the middle Miocene mammalian faunas of the Texas Gulf region" (in en). Bureau of Economic Geology. https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/items/fc99fb35-da37-41ec-ae55-babd5242e1f8. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Hulbert, Richard C. (July 1987). "Late Neogene Neohipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida and Texas". Journal of Paleontology 61 (4): 809–830. doi:10.1017/s0022336000029152. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 1987JPal...61..809H. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/late-neogene-neohipparion-mammalia-equidae-from-the-gulf-coastal-plain-of-florida-and-texas/D58F39E4DADD5450DDD16F5E355DF32F. Retrieved 18 September 2025. 
  7. ↑ Darnell, Michelle (1 December 2000). Systematics of the Fossil Equidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla), Minimum Quarry, Graham County, Kansas (Master's Theses). Fort Hays State University. doi:10.58809/HMSW1030.
  8. ↑ Darnell, Michelle K.; Thomasson, Joseph R. (2007). "First Equid Remains from the Late Miocene Prolithospermum johnstonii-Nassella pohlii Assemblage Zone Stratotype Locality, Ellis County, Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 110 (1/2): 10–15. ISSN 0022-8443. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20476288. 
  9. ↑ Macdonald, James Reid (1960). "An Early Pliocene Fauna from Mission, South Dakota". Journal of Paleontology 34 (5): 961–982. ISSN 0022-3360. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/paleosoc/jpaleontol/article/34/5/961/79363/An-early-Pliocene-fauna-from-Mission-South-Dakota. Retrieved 18 September 2025. 
  10. ↑ Storer, John E. (1 August 1969). "An Upper Pliocene neohipparion from the Flaxville Gravels, northern Montana". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 6 (4): 791–794. doi:10.1139/e69-076. ISSN 0008-4077. https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/e69-076. Retrieved 18 September 2025. 
  11. ↑ Macdonald, James Reid (1956). "A New Clarendonian Mammalian Fauna from the Truckee Formation of Western Nevada". Journal of Paleontology 30 (1): 186–202. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1300391. 
  12. ↑ Hulbert, Richard C.; Whitmore, Frank C. (1 June 2006). "Late Miocene mammals from the Mauvilla local fauna, Alabama". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 46 (1): 1–28. doi:10.58782/flmnh.xcpo4034. ISSN 0071-6154. https://flmnhbulletin.com/index.php/flmnh/article/view/flmnh-vol46-no1. Retrieved 18 September 2025. 
  13. ↑ MacFadden, Bruce J. (1986). "Late Hemphillian Monodactyl Horses (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Bone Valley Formation of Central Florida". Journal of Paleontology 60 (2): 466–475. doi:10.1017/S0022336000021995. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/late-hemphillian-monodactyl-horses-mammalia-equidae-from-the-bone-valley-formation-of-central-florida/83EE754FA26CFE4F78222749C7D1A91C. Retrieved 18 September 2025. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Feranec, Robert S.; MacFadden, Bruce J. (Spring 2006). "Isotopic discrimination of resource partitioning among ungulates in C 3 -dominated communities from the Miocene of Florida and California" (in en). Paleobiology 32 (2): 191–205. doi:10.1666/05006.1. ISSN 0094-8373. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/abs/isotopic-discrimination-of-resource-partitioning-among-ungulates-in-c3dominated-communities-from-the-miocene-of-florida-and-california/F8D44B82FF028BC923B7ED045344D52A. Retrieved 18 September 2025. 
  15. ↑ Geology of the Rattlesnake quadrangle Bearpaw Mountains, Blaine County, Montana (Report). US Geological Survey. 1964. doi:10.3133/b1181b. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/b1181b. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Pérez-Crespo, Víctor Adrián; Carranza-Castañeda, Oscar; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Morales-Puente, Pedro; Cienfuegos-Alvarado, Edith; Otero, Francisco J. (1 April 2017). "Diet and habitat of unique individuals of Dinohippus mexicanus and Neohipparion eurystyle (Equidae) from the late Hemphillian (Hh3) of Guanajuato and Jalisco, central Mexico: stable isotope studies". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 34 (1): 38. doi:10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2017.1.470. ISSN 2007-2902. https://rmcg.geociencias.unam.mx/index.php/rmcg/article/view/470. Retrieved 18 September 2025. 
  17. ↑ Stirton, R. A. (1955). "Two New Species of the Equid Genus Neohipparion from the Middle Pliocene, Chihuahua, Mexico". Journal of Paleontology 29 (5): 886–902. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1300411. Retrieved 18 September 2025. 
  18. ↑ Lindsay, Everett H. (1984). "Late Cenozoic Mammals from Northwestern Mexico". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4 (2): 208–215. ISSN 0272-4634. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.1984.10012004. Retrieved 18 September 2025. 
  19. ↑ Hulbert, Richard C. (1982). "Population Dynamics of the Three-Toed Horse Neohipparion from the Late Miocene of Florida". Paleobiology 8 (2): 159–167. doi:10.1017/s0094837300004504. ISSN 0094-8373. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/abs/population-dynamics-of-the-threetoed-horse-neohipparion-from-the-late-miocene-of-florida/0A0E58FE7305E7E291D9711B136859A5. Retrieved 18 September 2025. 
  20. ↑ Clementz, M. T. (2012). "New insight from old bones: Stable isotope analysis of fossil mammals". Journal of Mammalogy 93 (2): 368–380. doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-S-179.1. https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/93/2/368/920007?login=true. Retrieved 18 September 2025. 
  21. ↑ MacFadden, Bruce J.; Solounias, Nikos; Cerling, Thure E. (5 February 1999). "Ancient Diets, Ecology, and Extinction of 5-Million-Year-Old Horses from Florida" (in en). Science 283 (5403): 824–827. doi:10.1126/science.283.5403.824. ISSN 0036-8075. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.283.5403.824. Retrieved 27 November 2024. 

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