Biology:Pulasan
| Pulasan | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Sapindaceae |
| Genus: | Nephelium |
| Species: | N. ramboutan-ake
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| Binomial name | |
| Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh.
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| Synonyms | |
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Nephelium ramboutan-ake, the pulasan,[1] is a tropical fruit in the soapberry family Sapindaceae.[2] It is closely related to the rambutan and sometimes confused with it. Other related soapberry family fruits include lychee and longan.[2] Usually eaten fresh, it is sweeter than the rambutan and lychee, but very rare outside Southeast Asia.
Description
The name pulasan comes from the Malay word pulas (twist), related to the Tagalog pilas (rip, tear). The fruit is opened through the act of twisting the fruit with both hands, thus the name pulasan.
The pulasan tree is an ornamental.[2] It attains a height of 10–15 m and has a short trunk to 30–40 cm thick. The branchlets are brown and hairy when young. The alternate leaves, pinnate or odd-pinnate, are 17–45 cm long, have 2 to 5 pairs of opposite or nearly opposite leaflets, are oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 6.25-17.5 cm long and up to 5 cm wide; slightly wavy, dark-green and barely glossy on the upper surface; pale, and somewhat bluish, with a few short, silky hairs on the underside.[2] Very small, greenish, petalless flowers with 4-5 hairy sepals are borne singly or in clusters on the branches of the erect, axillary or terminal, panicles clothed with fine yellowish or brownish hairs.[3]
The pulasan is ultra-tropical and thrives only in humid regions between 360 and 1,150 ft (110–350 m) of altitude.[2] In Malaysia, it is said that the tree bears best after a long, dry season.
The fruit is ovoid, 5-7.5 cm long, dark red, with its thick, leathery rind closely set with conical, blunt-tipped tubercles or thick, fleshy, straight spines, which are up to 1 cm long.[2] There may be one or two small, undeveloped fruits nestled close to the stem. Within is the glistening, white or yellowish-white flesh (aril) to 1 cm thick, more or less clinging to the thin, grayish-brown seedcoat (testa) which separates from the seed. The flavor is generally much sweeter than that of the rambutan.[2] The seed is ovoid, oblong or ellipsoid, light brown, somewhat flattened on one side, and 2 to 3.5 cm long.
While similar to rambutan, the fruit lacks the hairy spines. The flesh is sweet and juicy, and separates easily from the seed, much more easily than the rambutan.[2] In addition, unlike the seed of the rambutan, the seed of the pulasan is readily edible raw. It has a flavor somewhat like that of almonds.
Habitat and distribution
The pulasan is native to Peninsular Malaysia.[2] Wild trees are infrequent in lowland forests around Perak, Malaysia but abundant in the Philippines at low elevations from Luzon to Mindanao. The tree has long been cultivated in the Malay Peninsula and Thailand; is rarely domesticated in the Philippines. Ochse reported that there were extensive plantings in Java only around Bogor and the villages along the railway between Bogor and the capital Jakarta.[4]
The tree was planted at the Trujillo Plant Propagation Station in Puerto Rico in 1926 and young trees from Java were sent to the Lancetilla Experimental Garden, Tela, Honduras, in 1927. The latter were said in 1945 to be doing well at Tela and fruiting moderately. The pulasan is little known elsewhere in the New World except in Costa Rica where it is occasionally grown and the fruits sometimes appear on the market.
Ecology
Like its relatives, pulasan can be propagated by seed and grafting methods.[5] Grafting is a common practice among horticulturalists that often is a proactive method of preventing disease, by using healthy rootstocks. Though starting by seed can be successful, most producers will not use this method of propagation due to variation in gender, which causes chance in having an actual fruiting tree.[2]
Of the pulasan flower parts, the anther cannot open on its own; this means that the plant cannot pollinate itself.[6] Certain trees will have hermaphrodite flowers, and others will have staminate flowers.[6] Generally this means hermaphrodites will take on female roles as the staminates take male, in the pollination process.[6]
Pulasan skin is unique for its color; it offers a natural dye, one that has recently been the specimen of studies dealing with electrical conductivity and its potential in renewable energy (see OSC's).[7][8] Unnatural dyes, such as methylene blue, are being studied today particularly due to potential environmental detriment when released into wastewater.[9] In one study, pulasan peel was used among other treatments as a potential sorbent of the methylene blue.[9]
References
- ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Pulasan | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 10 June 2020 }}
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Julia F Morton (1987). Pulasan; In: Fruits of Warm Climates. NewCROP, the New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University. pp. 265–266. ISBN 0-9610184-1-0. https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pulasan.html. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
- ↑ T. K., Kim (February 15, 2013). "Fruits". Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants 9: 75–78. https://books.google.com/books?id=_a9EAAAAQBAJ&dq=pulasan&pg=PA76.
- ↑ "Nephelium ramboutan-ake - Useful Tropical Plants". https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Nephelium+ramboutan-ake&redir=Nephelium+mutabile.
- ↑ Love, K. Tropical Fruit Tree Propagation Guide. CTAHR Fruit, Nut, and Beverage Crops, R. Paull, A. Cho, & A. Kawabata, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources University of Hawaii at Manoa, July 2017, https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/F_N-49.pdf
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Djuita, Nina Ratna; Hartana, Alex; Chikmawati, Tatik; Dorly, D. (2016-07-25). "Pulasan [(Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh. fruit trees: variations in flower morphology, and associated differences in pollination type"] (in en). International Journal of Plant Biology 7 (1): 6149. doi:10.4081/pb.2016.6149. ISSN 2037-0164. http://www.pagepress.org/journals/index.php/pb/article/view/6149.
- ↑ "Poly (3-Dodecylthiophene)/Natural Dye Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cell: An Electrical Conductivity, and Hall Effect Study (PDF Download Available)" (in en). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299400542.
- ↑ "LAILY umtas MSP14 (PDF Download Available)" (in en). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272510330.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ong, Siew Teng; Keng, Pei Sin; Ooi, Seok Theng; Hung, Yung Tse; and Lee, Siew Ling, "Utilization of Fruits Peel as A Sorbent for Removal of Methylene Blue" (2012). Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications. 101.http://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/encee_facpub/101
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