Biology:Nosferatu

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Short description: 1922 silent film by F. W. Murnau
Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror
Nosferatuposter.jpg
Newspaper advert
Directed byF. W. Murnau[1]
Produced by
  • Enrico Dieckmann
  • Albin Grau
Screenplay byHenrik Galeen
Based onScript error: No such module "Based on".
Starring
  • Max Schreck
  • Gustav von Wangenheim
  • Greta Schröder
  • Alexander Granach
  • Ruth Landshoff
  • Wolfgang Heinz
Music byHans Erdmann (1922 premiere)[1]
Cinematography
  • Fritz Arno Wagner
  • Günther Krampf (uncredited)
Production
company
Prana Film
Distributed byFilm Arts Guild
Release date
  • 4 March 1922 (1922-03-04) (Germany)
[2]
Running time
63–94 minutes, depending on version and transfer speed[1]
CountryGermany
Language
  • Silent film
  • German intertitles

Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror (German: Nosferatu – Eine Symphonie des Grauens) is a 1922 silent German Expressionist vampire film directed by F. W. Murnau and starring Max Schreck as Count Orlok, a vampire who preys on the wife (Greta Schröder) of his estate agent (Gustav von Wangenheim) and brings the plague to their town.

Nosferatu was produced by Prana Film and is an unauthorized and unofficial adaptation of Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula. Various names and other details were changed from the novel, including Count Dracula being renamed Count Orlok then finally Nosferatu, an archaic Romanian word with a suggested etymology of Nesuferitu`, meaning "the offensive one" or "the insufferable one". Although those changes are often represented as a defense against copyright infringement,[3] the original German intertitles acknowledged Dracula as the source. Film historian David Kalat states in his commentary track that since the film was "a low-budget film made by Germans for German audiences... setting it in Germany with German-named characters makes the story more tangible and immediate for German-speaking viewers".[4]

Even with several details altered, Stoker's heirs sued over the adaptation, and a court ruling ordered all copies of the film to be destroyed. However, several prints of Nosferatu survived,[1] and the film came to be regarded as an influential masterpiece of cinema and the horror genre.[5][6]

Critic and historian Kim Newman declared it as a film that set the template for the genre of horror film.[7]

Plot

An iconic shot of the shadow of Count Orlok ascending a staircase

In 1838, in the fictional German town of Wisborg,[1][8] Thomas Hutter is sent to Transylvania by his employer, estate agent Herr Knock, to visit a new client, Count Orlok, who plans to buy a house across from Hutter's own home. While embarking on his journey, Hutter stops at an inn in which the locals are frightened by the mere mention of Orlok's name.

Hutter rides on a coach to a castle, where he is welcomed by Count Orlok. When Hutter is eating dinner and accidentally cuts his thumb, Orlok tries to suck the blood out, but his repulsed guest pulls his hand away. Hutter wakes up the morning after to find fresh punctures on his neck, which he attributes to mosquitoes. That night, Orlok signs the documents to purchase the house and notices a photo of Hutter's wife, Ellen, remarking that she has a "lovely neck." Reading a book about vampires that he took from the local inn, Hutter starts to suspect that Orlok is a vampire. With no way to bar the door, he cowers in his room as midnight approaches. The door opens by itself and Orlok enters, and Hutter hides under the bed covers and falls unconscious. Meanwhile, his wife awakens from her sleep and, in a trance, walks onto her balcony's railing, which gets the attention of her friend Harding. When the doctor arrives, she shouts Hutter's name and can apparently see Orlok in his castle who is threatening her unconscious husband.

The next day, Thomas Hutter explores the castle, only to retreat back into his room after he finds the coffin in which Orlok is resting dormant in the crypt. Hours later, Orlok piles up coffins on a coach and climbs into the last one before the coach departs, and Hutter rushes home after learning that. The coffins are taken aboard a schooner, where the sailors discover rats in the coffins. All of the ship's crew later die, and Orlok takes control. When the ship arrives in Wisborg, Orlok leaves unobserved, carries one of his coffins and moves into the house that he purchased.

Many deaths in the town follow after Orlok's arrival, which the town's doctors blame on an unspecified plague caused by the rats from the ship. Ellen reads the book that Hutter found; it claims that a vampire can be defeated if a pure-hearted woman distracts the vampire with her beauty and offers him her blood of her own free will. She decides to sacrifice herself. She opens her window to invite Orlok in and pretends to fall ill so that she can send Hutter to fetch Professor Bulwer, a physician. After he leaves, Orlok enters and drinks her blood, but the sun rises, which causes Orlok to vanish in a puff of smoke. Ellen lives just long enough to be embraced by her grief-stricken husband.

Count Orlok's castle in the Carpathian Mountains is later shown destroyed.

Cast

Max Schreck in a promotional still for the film
  • Max Schreck as Count Orlok
  • Gustav von Wangenheim as Thomas Hutter
  • Greta Schröder as Ellen Hutter
  • Alexander Granach as Knock
  • Georg H. Schnell as Shipowner Harding
  • Ruth Landshoff as Ruth
  • John Gottowt as Professor Bulwer
  • Gustav Botz as Professor Sievers
  • Max Nemetz as The Captain of The Empusa
  • Wolfgang Heinz as First Mate of The Empusa
  • Hardy von Francois (de) as Mental Hospital Doctor
  • Albert Venohr (de) as Sailor Two
  • Guido Herzfeld as Innkeeper
  • Karl Etlinger as Student with Bulwer
  • Fanny Schreck as Hospital Nurse

Themes

The Other

Nosferatu has been noted for its themes regarding fear of the Other, as well as for possible anti-Semitic undertones,[1] both of which may have been partially derived from the Bram Stoker novel Dracula, upon which the film was based.[9] The physical appearance of Count Orlok, with his hooked nose, long claw-like fingernails, and large bald head, has been compared to stereotypical caricatures of Jewish people from the time in which Nosferatu was produced.[10] His features have also been compared to those of a rat or a mouse, the former of which Jews were often equated with.[11][12] Orlok's interest in acquiring property in the German town of Wisborg, a shift in locale from the Stoker novel's London, has also been analyzed as preying on the fears and anxieties of the German public at the time.[13] Professor Tony Magistrale opined that the film's depiction of an "invasion of the German homeland by an outside force [...] poses disquieting parallels to the anti-Semitic atmosphere festering in Northern Europe in 1922."[13]

When the foreign Orlok arrives in Wisborg by ship, he brings with him a swarm of rats which, in a deviation from the source novel, spread the plague throughout the town.[12][14] This plot element further associates Orlok with rodents and the idea of the "Jew as disease-causing agent".[10][12] Writer Kevin Jackson has noted that director F. W. Murnau "was friendly with and protective of a number of Jewish men and women" throughout his life, including Jewish actor Alexander Granach, who plays Knock in Nosferatu.[15] Additionally, Magistrale wrote that Murnau, being a homosexual, would have been "presumably more sensitive to the persecution of a subgroup inside the larger German society".[12] As such, it has been said that perceived associations between Orlok and anti-Semitic stereotypes are unlikely to have been conscious decisions on the part of Murnau.[12][15]

Occultism

Murnau and Grau gave Orlok in the film a demonic lineage and an occult origin: Orlok is the creation of Belial, one of the Satanic archdemons. Belial in Psalm 41:8 – 10 is also associated with pestilence, with Orlok in film being the very manifestation of contagion, rats pouring out of his coffins onto the streets of Wisborg, spreading Black Death.[16] Orlok’s link to Belial is also highly significant because Belial is ‘one of the demons traditionally summoned by Goetic magicians’ — making Orlok someone who practiced dark sorcery.[17]
Orlok and his servant Knock are communicating in occult language — the documents between Orlok and Knock are written in Enochian language (angelic language, recorded in the private journals of English occultist John Dee and his colleague English alchemist Edward Kelley in late 16th-century Elizabethan England).[18] [19]
Character of Professor Bulwer in the film is named in reference to English occult novelist Edward Bulwer-Lytton[20].
The idea of astral entities, arising from the dark thoughts of human beings, responsible for epidemics that call for blood sacrifices in order to prevent them, is also closely linked to that of the alchemist Paracelsus, whose figure is partly embodied in the film in the character of Professor Bulwer (who is mentioned in the film to be Paracelsian himself). This is made concrete in the film in the plague epidemic that spreads through the city of Wisborg, which cannot be remedied by scientific methods, but by the blood sacrifice of a woman, thus destroying forever the dark being responsible for this catastrophic situation.[21]

The Great War

The idea for making this vampire film saw its genesis in the war-time experience of producer Albin Grau. Grau served in the German army during the World War I, known as the Great War, on the Serbian front. While in Serbia Grau encountered a local farmer who told him of his father, who the farmer believed had become an undead vampire. F. W. Murnau, director of the film, also saw considerable action in World War I — not only as a company commander in the muddy trenches of the Eastern Front, but also later in the air after he transferred to the German air service. He survived at least eight crashes. Max Schreck who portrayed Count Orlok also served in the trenches of the Great War with the German army. Little is known of his war-time experience, but there are some signs he may have dealt with some form of post-traumatic stress disorder. Colleagues commented that he preferred to keep to himself. He was known to take long walks in the forest alone, often times disappearing for hours at a time. He once stated that he lived in “a remote and incorporeal world”. Thus it is considered that the turmoil of 1920s Germany and the war-time experiences of those who produced the film left their marks on the production of the film.[22]

As Lotte Eisner, a dedicated occultist, wrote: "Mysticism and magic, the dark forces to which Germans have always been more than willing to commit themselves, had flourished in the face of death on the battlefields" — these forces were intrinsic to the shaping of cinema's first vampires. Albin Grau himself also linked the war and vampires: "this monstrous event that is unleashed across the earth like a cosmic vampire to drink the blood of millions and millions of men". Belial as well is the link between war and contagion, as Orlok is linked directly to the Black Death and many critics have linked Nosferatu's disease-bearing rodents to the transmissible sickness associated with trench warfare in which rats flourished. As noted by Ernest Jones in his psychoanalytic study of nightmares, vampire legends proliferate in periods of mass contagion.[23]

Production

Prana Film logo

The studio behind Nosferatu, Prana Film, was a short-lived silent-era German film studio founded in 1921 by Enrico Dieckmann and occultist artist Albin Grau,[1] named after a Theosophical journal which was itself named for the Hindu concept of prana.[4] Although the studio's intent was to produce occult- and supernatural-themed films, Nosferatu was its only production,[24] as it declared bankruptcy shortly after the film's release.

Grau claimed he was inspired to shoot a vampire film by a war experience: in Grau's apocryphal tale, during the winter of 1916, a Serbian farmer told him that his father was a vampire and one of the undead.[25] As a lifelong student of the occult and member of Fraternitas Saturni, under the magical name of Master Pacitius, Grau was able to imbue Nosferatu with hermetic and mystical undertones. One example in particular was the cryptic contract that Count Orlok and Knock exchanged, which was filled in Enochian, hermetic and alchemical symbols. Grau was also a strong influence on Orlok's verminous and emaciated look[26] and he also designed the film’s sets, costumes, make-up and the letter with the Enochian symbols. Grau’s visual style was also deeply influenced by work of the artist Hugo Steiner-Prag who had illustrated other texts with esoteric subjects such as Gustav Meyrink’s Golem and E. T. A. Hoffmann’s Die Elixiere des Teufels (1907).[27]

Hutter's departure from Wisborg was filmed in the yard of Heiligen-Geist-Kirche, Wismar (de) in Wismar. (1970 photograph)

Diekmann and Grau gave Henrik Galeen, a disciple of Hanns Heinz Ewers, the task to write a screenplay inspired by the Dracula novel, although Prana Film had not obtained the film rights. Galeen was an experienced specialist in dark romanticism; he had already worked on The Student of Prague (1913), and the screenplay for The Golem: How He Came into the World (1920). Galeen set the story in the fictional north German harbour town of Wisborg. He changed the characters' names and added the idea of the vampire bringing the plague to Wisborg via rats on the ship. Galeen's Expressionist style screenplay was poetically rhythmic, without being so dismembered as other books influenced by literary Expressionism, such as those by Carl Mayer. Lotte Eisner described Galeen's screenplay as "voll Poesie, voll Rhythmus" ("full of poetry, full of rhythm").[28]

The Salzspeicher in Lübeck served as the set for Orlok's house in Wisborg.

Filming began in July 1921, with exterior shots in Wismar. A take from Marienkirche's tower over Wismar marketplace with the Wasserkunst Wismar served as the establishing shot for the Wisborg scene. Other locations were the Wassertor, the Heiligen-Geist-Kirche yard and the harbour. In Lübeck, the abandoned Salzspeicher served as Nosferatu's new Wisborg house, the one of the churchyard of the Aegidienkirche served as Hutter's, and down the Depenau a procession of coffin bearers bore coffins of supposed plague victims. Many scenes of Lübeck appear in the hunt for Knock, who ordered Hutter in the Yard of Füchting to meet Count Orlok. Further exterior shots followed in Lauenburg, Rostock and on Sylt. The exteriors of the film set in Transylvania were actually shot on location in northern Slovakia, including the High Tatras, Vrátna dolina, Orava Castle, the Váh River, and Starý Castle [sk].[29] The team filmed interior shots at the JOFA studio in Berlin's Johannisthal locality and further exteriors in the Tegel Forest.[1]

Wismar Wassertor as harbour gate of Wisborg (Photo 1907)
Wismar Wasserkunst (c. 1909 photo)
Starý hrad castle ruins as Orlok's dilapidated castle at the end of the film

For cost reasons, cameraman Fritz Arno Wagner only had one camera available, and therefore there was only one original negative.[30] The director followed Galeen's screenplay carefully, following handwritten instructions on camera positioning, lighting, and related matters.[28] Nevertheless, Murnau completely rewrote 12 pages of the script, as Galeen's text was missing from the director's working script. This concerned the last scene of the film, in which Ellen sacrifices herself and the vampire dies in the first rays of the sun.[31][32] Murnau prepared carefully; there were sketches that were to correspond exactly to each filmed scene, and he used a metronome to control the pace of the acting.[33]

Music

The original score was composed by Hans Erdmann and performed by an orchestra at the film's Berlin premiere. However, most of the score has been lost, and what remains is only a partial adapted suite.[1] Thus, throughout the history of Nosferatu screenings, many composers and musicians have written or improvised their own soundtrack to accompany the film. For example, James Bernard, composer of the soundtracks of many Hammer horror films in the late 1950s and 1960s, wrote a score for a reissue.[1][34] Bernard's score was released in 1997 by Silva Screen Records. A version of Erdmann's original score reconstructed by musicologists and composers Gillian Anderson and James Kessler was released in 1995 by BMG Classics, with several missing sequences composed anew, in an attempt to match Erdmann's style. An earlier reconstruction by German composer Berndt Heller has many additions of unrelated classical works.[1] In 2022, the New York Times wrote about Dutch composer Jozef van Wissem's new score and record release for Nosferatu. Beginning with a solo played on the lute, his performance incorporates electric guitar and distorted recordings of extinct birds, graduating from subtlety to gothic horror. "My soundtrack goes from silence to noise over the course of 90 minutes," he said, culminating in "dense, slow death metal."[35] A new score for full orchestra and piano was commissioned by the Louisville Orchestra from its former composer-in-residence Sebastian Chang. It premiered, played live with the film in October 2023. [1]

Deviations from the novel

  • The setting has been transferred from Britain in the 1890s to Germany in 1838.[1]
  • The story of Nosferatu is similar to that of Dracula but re-adapts the core characters: Jonathan and Mina Harker are renamed to Thomas and Ellen Hutter (Ellen now occasionally sleepwalks), Count Dracula is renamed Count Orlok, and so on. It omits many of the secondary players, such as Quincey Morris and changes the names and roles of those who remain. Van Helsing character was renamed into Dr.Bulwer in reference to English occult novelist Edward Bulwer-Lytton.[36]
  • Orlok is also believed to have been created by Belial, the lieutenant demon of Satan, while Count Dracula is revealed to have been a former voivode killed in battle before returning as a vampire. Orlok’s link to Belial is highly significant because Belial is ‘one of the demons traditionally summoned by Goetic magicians’ - making Orlok someone who practiced dark sorcery[27]
  • In contrast to Count Dracula, Orlok does not create other vampires but kills his victims, which causes the townsfolk to blame the plague which ravages the city.
  • Orlok also must sleep by day, as sunlight would kill him, but the original Dracula is only weakened by sunlight and can openly walk in daylight.
  • Orlok looks extremely inhuman and corpse-like, while Dracula looks human, and its his behaviour which eventually betrays him as a vampire to humans, so Dracula could easily mingle among the crowds in the streets of London.
  • The ending is also substantially different from the Dracula novel since the count is ultimately destroyed at sunrise when the Mina analogue sacrifices herself to him.

Release

Nosferatu premiered at the Marmorsaal in the Berlin Zoological Garden. (1900 postcard)

Shortly before the premiere, an advertisement campaign was placed in issue #21 of the magazine Bühne und Film, with a summary, scene and work photographs, production reports, and essays, including a treatment on vampirism by Albin Grau.[37] Nosferatu opened in the Netherlands on 16 February 1922 at the Hague Flora and Olympia cinemas.[38] Nosferatu premiered in Germany on 4 March 1922 in the Marmorsaal of the Berlin Zoological Garden. This was planned as a large society evening entitled Das Fest des Nosferatu (Festival of Nosferatu), and guests were asked to arrive dressed in Biedermeier costume. The German cinema premiere itself took place on 15 March 1922 at Berlin's Primus-Palast.[1]

The 1930s sound version Die zwölfte Stunde – Eine Nacht des Grauens (The Twelfth Hour: A Night of Horror), which is less commonly known, was a completely unauthorized and re-edited version of the film. It was released in Vienna, Austria on 16 May 1930 with sound-on-disc accompaniment and a recomposition of Hans Erdmann's original score by Georg Fiebiger, a German production manager and composer of film music. It had an alternative ending lighter than the original and the characters were renamed again; Count Orlok's name was changed to Prince Wolkoff, Knock became Karsten, Hutter and Ellen became Kundberg and Margitta, and Annie was changed to Maria.[1] This version, of which Murnau was unaware, contained many scenes filmed by Murnau but not previously released. It also contained additional footage not filmed by Murnau but by a cameraman, Günther Krampf, under the direction of Waldemar Roger (de) (also known as Waldemar Ronger),[39] supposedly also a film editor and lab chemist.[citation needed] The name of director F. W. Murnau is no longer mentioned in the credits.[citation needed] This version, lasting approximately 80 minutes, was presented on 5 June 1981 at the Cinémathèque Française.[40]

Reception and legacy

Nosferatu brought Murnau into the public eye, especially when his film Der brennende Acker (The Burning Soil) was released a few days later. The press reported extensively on Nosferatu and its premiere. With the laudatory votes, there was also occasional criticism that the technical perfection and clarity of the images did not fit the horror theme. The Filmkurier of 6 March 1922 said that the vampire appeared too corporeal and brightly lit to appear genuinely scary. Hans Wollenberg described the film in photo-Stage No. 11 of 11 March 1922 as a "sensation" and praised Murnau's nature shots as "mood-creating elements."[41] In the Vossische Zeitung of 7 March 1922, Nosferatu was praised for its visual style.[42]

Nosferatu was also the first film to show a vampire dying from exposure to sunlight. Previous vampire novels such as Dracula had shown them being uncomfortable with sunlight, but not undeath-threateningly so.[43]

The film has received overwhelmingly positive reviews. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 97% based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 9.05/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "One of the silent era's most influential masterpieces, Nosferatu's eerie, gothic feel—and a chilling performance from Max Schreck as the vampire—set the template for the horror films that followed."[44] In 1995, the Vatican included Nosferatu on a list of 45 important films that people should watch.[45] It was ranked twenty-first in Empire magazine's "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010.[46]

In 1997, critic Roger Ebert added Nosferatu to his list of The Great Movies, writing:

Here is the story of Dracula before it was buried alive in clichés, jokes, TV skits, cartoons and more than 30 other films. The film is in awe of its material. It seems to really believe in vampires. ...Is Murnau's Nosferatu scary in the modern sense? Not for me. I admire it more for its artistry and ideas, its atmosphere and images, than for its ability to manipulate my emotions like a skillful modern horror film. It knows none of the later tricks of the trade, like sudden threats that pop in from the side of the screen. But Nosferatu remains effective: It doesn't scare us, but it haunts us.[47]

In 1993, the 15th episode of the Nickelodeon series Are You Afraid of the Dark? featured a "special" screening of Nosferatu. After the screening, Count Orlok emerges from the screen into the real world and begins stalking victims in the theater.

The 2000 film Shadow of the Vampire is a fictionalized take on the making of Nosferatu.[1]

In 2022 an exhibition Phantoms of the Night. 100 Years of "Nosferatu" opens in Berlin.[48]

The short movie F.W.M. Symphony released in late 2022 is a homage to Nosferatu, and also depicts the theft of Murnau's skull from his family tomb in 2015.[49]

Home media and copyright status

File:Nosferatu (1922, English titles 1947).webmNosferatu only entered the public domain worldwide by the end of 2019. Despite this, the film had already been subject to widespread circulation via a sped-up, unrestored black and white bootleg copy.[50] Beginning in 1981, the film has had various different official restorations, several of which have been issued on home video in the U.S., Europe and Australia. These versions, which are all tinted, speed-corrected and have specially recorded scores, are separately copyrighted with respect to new copyrightable elements.[1] The most recent restoration, completed in 2005/2006, has been released on DVD and Blu-ray throughout the world, and features a reconstruction of Hans Erdmann's original score by Berndt Heller.[51]

Remakes

A 1979 remake by director Werner Herzog, Nosferatu the Vampyre, starred Klaus Kinski (as Count Dracula, not Count Orlok).[52]

A remake by director David Lee Fisher was in development after being successfully funded on Kickstarter on 3 December 2014.[53] On 13 April 2016, it was reported that Doug Jones had been cast as Count Orlok in the film and that filming had begun. The film would use green screen to insert colorized backgrounds from the original film atop live-action, a process Fisher previously used for his remake The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (2005).[54][1] While the film hasn't secured a distributor as of 2023, it had a premiere at the Emagine Theater in Novi, and will see a limited release in other theaters.[55]

In July 2015, another remake was announced with Robert Eggers writing and directing. The film was intended to be produced by Jay Van Hoy and Lars Knudsen for Studio 8.[56] In November 2016, Eggers expressed surprise that the Nosferatu remake was going to be his second film, saying "It feels ugly and blasphemous and egomaniacal and disgusting for a filmmaker in my place to do Nosferatu next. I was really planning on waiting a while, but that's how fate shook out."[57] In 2017, it was announced that Anya Taylor-Joy would be featured in the film in an unknown role.[58] However, in a 2019 interview, Eggers claimed that he was unsure as to whether the film would still be made, saying "...But also, I don't know, maybe Nosferatu doesn't need to be made again, even though I've spent so much time on that."[59] It was reported in September 2022 that Eggers' remake would be distributed by Focus Features, with Bill Skarsgård set to star as Orlok and Lily-Rose Depp as Ellen Hutter.[60] The film wrapped principal photography on May 19, 2023.[61]

In popular culture

  • The 1979 album Nosferatu by Hugh Cornwell and Robert Williams is an homage to the film, featuring a still from the movie on the front cover and a dedication to Max Schreck.
  • The television miniseries adaptation of Stephen King's Salem's Lot (1979) took inspiration from Nosferatu for the appearance of its villain, Kurt Barlow (Reggie Nalder). The film's producer Richard Kobritz stated that: "We went back to the old German Nosferatu concept where he is the essence of evil, and not anything romantic or smarmy, or, you know, the rouge-cheeked, widow-peaked Dracula."[62]
  • French progressive rock outfit Art Zoyd released Nosferatu (1989) on Mantra Records. Thierry Zaboitzeff and Gérard Hourbette composed the cues to correspond with an edited and unrestored version of the film.[1][63]
  • Bernard J. Taylor adapted the story into the 1995 musical Nosferatu the Vampire.[64] The title character is called Nosferatu, and the plot of the musical follows the plot of Murnau's film, yet other characters’ names are reverted to names from the novel (Mina, Van Helsing, etc.).
  • Count Orlok has made multiple appearances in SpongeBob SquarePants, most notably at the end of the episode "Graveyard Shift", where Count Orlok is revealed to be responsible for flickering lights in the Krusty Krab.[65]
  • The 2000 film Shadow of the Vampire, directed by E. Elias Merhige and written by Steven A. Katz, is a fictionalized account of the making of Nosferatu in which Max Schreck is portrayed as an actual vampire whom F.W. Murnau allows to kill his actors and crew on film in order to create a sense of "realism". It stars Willem Dafoe as Schreck and John Malkovich as Murnau. The film was nominated for two Academy Awards at the 73rd Academy Awards.[66]
  • An operatic version of Nosferatu was composed by Alva Henderson in 2004, with libretto by Dana Gioia,[67] was released on CD in 2005, with Douglas Nagel as Count Orlok/Nosferatu, Susan Gundunas as Ellen Hutter (Mina Harker), Robert McPherson as Eric Hutter (Thomas Hutter/Jonathan Harker) and Dennis Rupp as Skuller (Knock/Renfield).[68]
  • On 28 October 2012, as part of the BBC Radio "Gothic Imagination" series, the film was reimagined on BBC Radio 3 as the radio play Midnight Cry of the Deathbird by Amanda Dalton directed by Susan Roberts.[69]

See also

  • List of German films of 1919–1932
  • Gothic film
  • Vampire film
  • List of films considered the best

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 "Nosferatu: History and Home Video Guide". 18 November 2015. https://www.brentonfilm.com/articles/nosferatu-history-and-home-video-guide. 
  2. ↑ "Nosferatu: History and Home Video Guide, Part 2: 1920s Screenings". 30 November 2016. https://www.brentonfilm.com/articles/nosferatu-history-and-home-video-guide-part-2. 
  3. ↑ "All copies of the cult classic "Nosferatu" were ordered to be destroyed". 5 April 2017. https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/04/05/all-copies-of-the-cult-classic-nosferatu-were-ordered-to-be-destroyed-after-bram-stokers-widow-had-sued-the-makers-of-the-film-for-copyright-infringement/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kalat, David (2013). Nosferatu (Blu-ray audio commentary to the film). Eureka Entertainment.
  5. ↑ "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema". https://www.empireonline.com/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/default.asp?film=21. 
  6. ↑ "What's the Big Deal?: Nosferatu (1922) (archived October 13, 2011)". http://www.film.com/movies/whats-the-big-deal-nosferatu-1922#fbid=cLMo8e-acRk. 
  7. ↑ Marriott & Newman 2018, p. 20.
  8. ↑ Klinowski, Jacek; Garbicz, Adam (2012). Feature Cinema in the 20th Century: Volume One: 1913–1950: a Comprehensive Guide. Planet RGB Limited. p. 1920. ISBN 9781624075643. https://books.google.com/books?id=lpp93FevM2cC&pg=PA1920-IA11. Retrieved 18 August 2017. 
  9. ↑ Giesen 2019 page 109
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Giesen 2019 page 108
  11. ↑ Giesen 2019 pages 108–109
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Magistrale 2005 page 25–26
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Magistrale 2005 page 25
  14. ↑ Joslin 2017 page 15
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Jackson 2013 page 20
  16. ↑ Vampires on the Silent Screen: Cinema’s First Age of Vampires 1897-1922 (2023) by David Annwn Jones, p.169, 184
  17. ↑ Vampires on the Silent Screen: Cinema’s First Age of Vampires 1897-1922 (2023) by David Annwn Jones, p.184
  18. ↑ Vampires on the Silent Screen: Cinema’s First Age of Vampires 1897-1922 (2023) by David Annwn Jones, p.184
  19. ↑ Movie Magick: The Occult in Film (2018) by David Huckvale, p.52
  20. ↑ Movie Magick: The Occult in Film (2018) by David Huckvale, p.52
  21. ↑ https://elhype.com/en/nosferatu-esotericism-and-terror/
  22. ↑ "Of Vampires and the Great War". 30 October 2014. https://alexanderandsonsrestorations.com/vampires-great-war/. 
  23. ↑ Vampires on the Silent Screen: Cinema’s First Age of Vampires 1897-1922 (2023) by David Annwn Jones, p.169, 183
  24. ↑ Elsaesser, Thomas (February 2001). "Six Degrees Of Nosferatu". Sight and Sound. ISSN 0037-4806. http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/92. Retrieved 31 May 2013. 
  25. ↑ Mückenberger, Christiane (1993), "Nosferatu", in Dahlke, Günther; Karl, Günter (in de), Deutsche Spielfilme von den Anfängen bis 1933, Berlin: Henschel Verlag, p. 71, ISBN 3-89487-009-5 
  26. ↑ Tobias Churton. The Beast in Berlin: Art, Sex and Magick in the Weimar Republic. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions,2014, p. 68
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Vampires on the Silent Screen: Cinema’s First Age of Vampires 1897-1922 (2023) by David Annwn Jones, p.184
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Eisner 1967 page 27
  29. ↑ Votruba, Martin. "Nosferatu (1922) Slovak Locations". Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh. http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/sstopics/movieclips/slovakianosferatulocations.html. 
  30. ↑ Prinzler page 222: Luciano Berriatúa and Camille Blot in section: Zur Überlieferung der Filme. Then it was usual to use at least two cameras in parallel to maximize the number of copies for distribution. One negative would serve for local use and another for foreign distribution.
  31. ↑ Eisner 1967 page 28 Since vampires dying in daylight appears neither in Stoker's work nor in Galeen's script, this concept has been solely attributed to Murnau.
  32. ↑ Michael Koller (July 2000), "Nosferatu", Issue 8, July–Aug 2000 (senses of cinema), http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/00/8/nosferatu.html, retrieved 23 April 2009 
  33. ↑ Grafe page 117
  34. ↑ Randall D. Larson (1996). "An Interview with James Bernard" Soundtrack Magazine. Vol 15, No 58, cited in Randall D. Larson (2008). "James Bernard's Nosferatu". Retrieved on 31 October 2015.
  35. ↑ "100 Years of 'Nosferatu,' the Vampire Movie That Won't Die". 2022-03-24. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/24/movies/nosferatu-100-robert-eggers-remake.html. 
  36. ↑ Movie Magick: The Occult in Film (2018) by David Huckvale, p.52
  37. ↑ Eisner page 60
  38. ↑ "ADVERTENTIEN". Haagsche Courant: pp. 3. February 16, 1922. 
  39. ↑ "Waldemar Ronger". http://www.filmportal.de/person/waldemar-ronger_3a62870302144e28b1c4503c95b7d46e. 
  40. ↑ Reid, Brent (2 December 2016). "Nosferatu: Chronicles from the Vaults". https://www.brentonfilm.com/nosferatu-chronicles-from-the-vaults. 
  41. ↑ Prinzler, Hans Helmut, ed (2003). Murnau – Ein Melancholiker des Films. Berlin: Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek. Bertz. p. 129. ISBN 3-929470-25-X. 
  42. ↑ "Nosferatu" (in de). http://www.filmhistoriker.de/films/nosferatu.htm. "Murnau, sein Bildlenker, stellt die Bildchen, sorglich durchgearbeitet, in sich abgeschlossen. Das Schloß des Entsetzens, das Haus des Nosferatu sind packende Leistungen. Ein Motiv-Museum." 
  43. ↑ Scivally, Bruce (2015-09-01) (in en). Dracula FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the Count from Transylvania. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-61713-636-8. 
  44. ↑ "Nosferatu, a Symphony of Horror (Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens) (Nosferatu the Vampire) (1922)". Fandango Media. https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/nosferatu/. 
  45. ↑ "The Vatican Film List". SDQ reviews. https://decentfilms.com/articles/vaticanfilmlist. 
  46. ↑ "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema: 21 Nosferatu". Empire. https://www.empireonline.com/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/default.asp?film=21. 
  47. ↑ Ebert, Roger (28 September 1997). "Nosferatu Movie Review & Film Summary (1922)". https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-nosferatu-1922. 
  48. ↑ "Phantome der Nacht. 100 Jahre Nosferatu" (in en-US). https://nosferatuinberlin.de/en/. 
  49. ↑ "F.W.M. – Symphonie". http://fwms.film/about.html. 
  50. ↑ Reid, Brent (2018-06-07). "Nosferatu: History and Home Video Guide, Part 3" (in en-GB). https://www.brentonfilm.com/nosferatu-history-and-home-video-guide-part-3. 
  51. ↑ Reid, Brent (2018-06-07). "Nosferatu: History and Home Video Guide, Part 6" (in en-GB). https://www.brentonfilm.com/nosferatu-history-and-home-video-guide-part-6. 
  52. ↑ Erickson, Hal. "Nosferatu the Vampyre". Allrovi. http://www.allrovi.com/movies/movie/Nosferatu-the-Vampyr-v127854. 
  53. ↑ "Thank you from Doug & David!". 6 December 2014. https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/82215933/nosferatu-the-feature-film-remix/posts/1072789. 
  54. ↑ "Doug Jones to Star in 'Nosferatu' Remake". Variety. 13 April 2016. https://variety.com/2016/film/news/doug-jones-nosferatu-remake-1201753137/. 
  55. ↑ "'Nosferatu' remake premieres in Novi". C&G Newspaper. 17 November 2023. https://www.candgnews.com/news/nosferatu-remake-premieres-in-novi-4013. 
  56. ↑ Fleming, Mike Jr. (28 July 2015). "Studio 8 Sets Nosferatu Remake; The Witch's Robert Eggers to Write & Direct". https://deadline.com/2015/07/nosferatu-the-witch-robert-eggers-studio-8-1201486438/. 
  57. ↑ O'Falt, Chris (11 November 2016). "Filmmaker Toolkit Podcast: Witch Director Robert Eggers' Lifelong Obsession with Nosferatu and His Plans for a Remake (Episode 13)". https://www.indiewire.com/2016/11/filmmaker-toolkit-podcast-the-witch-robert-eggers-episode-12-1201745594/. 
  58. ↑ "'Split' Star Anya Taylor-Joy Reteams With 'Witch' Director on 'Nosferatu' Remake (EXCLUSIVE)". 14 August 2017. https://variety.com/2017/film/news/split-anya-taylor-joy-reteams-with-witch-director-on-nosferatu-remake-1202527484/. 
  59. ↑ "Robert Eggers on Status of Nosferatu, Prepping Next Film". 15 October 2019. https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/nosferatu-remake-robert-eggers-next-film/. 
  60. ↑ Kroll, Justin (September 30, 2022). "Bill Skarsgard & Lily-Rose Depp To Star In 'Nosferatu', Robert Eggers' Follow-Up To 'Northman' For Focus". Deadline. https://deadline.com/2022/09/bill-skarsgard-lily-rose-depp-robert-eggers-nosferatu-focus-1235131507/. Retrieved October 1, 2022. 
  61. ↑ Squires, John (2023-05-30). "Filming on the Robert Eggers 'Nosferatu' Remake Has Reportedly Wrapped in Prague" (in en-US). https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3764003/filming-on-the-robert-eggers-nosferatu-remake-has-reportedly-wrapped-in-prague/. 
  62. ↑ "Cinefantastique Magazine Vol. 9 #2". 
  63. ↑ Kozinn, Allan (23 July 1991). "Music in Review". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/23/arts/music-in-review-222591.html. 
  64. ↑ "Bernard J. Taylor". AllMusic. https://www.allmusic.com/artist/bernard-j-taylor-mn0000859599. 
  65. ↑ Heintjes, Tom (September 21, 2012). "The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants". Hogan's Alley. http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/. 
  66. ↑ Scott, A. O. (29 December 2000). "FILM REVIEW; Son of 'Nosferatu,' With a Real-Life Monster". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/29/movies/film-review-son-of-nosferatu-with-a-real-life-monster.html. 
  67. ↑ "Alva Henderson". http://www.magcloud.com/user/alvahenderson. 
  68. ↑ "HOME | Nosferatu". http://rimrockoperafoundation.org/Past_Performance/Nosferatu.html. 
  69. ↑ "Midnight Cry of the Deathbird, Drama on 3". BBC Radio 3. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01nj7fh. 

Bibliography

  • Brill, Olaf (in de), Film Nosferatu, Eine Symphonie des Grauens (GER 1922), http://www.filmhistoriker.de/films/nosferatu.htm, retrieved 11 June 2009  (1921-1922 reports and reviews)
  • Eisner, Lotte H. (1967) (in de). Murnau. Der Klassiker des deutschen Films. Velber/Hannover: Friedrich Verlag. 
  • Eisner, Lotte H. (1980). Hoffmann, Hilmar; Schobert, Walter. eds (in de). Die dämonische Leinwand. Frankfurt am Main. ISBN 3-596-23660-6. 
  • Giesen, Rolf (2019) (in en). The Nosferatu Story: The Seminal Horror Film, Its Predecessors and Its Enduring Legacy. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1476672984. 
  • Grafe, Frieda (2003). Patalas, Enno. ed (in de). Licht aus Berlin: Lang/Lubitsch/Murnau. Berlin: Verlag Brinkmann & Bose. ISBN 978-3922660811. 
  • Jackson, Kevin (2013) (in en). Nosferatu eine Symphonie des Grauens. British Film Institute. ISBN 978-1844576500. 
  • Joslin, Lyndon W. (2017) (in en). Count Dracula Goes to the Movies: Stoker's Novel Adapted (3rd ed.). McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1476669878. 
  • Magistrale, Tony (2005) (in en). Abject Terrors: Surveying the Modern and Postmodern Horror Film. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0820470566. 
  • Marriott, James; Newman, Kim (2018). The Definitive Guide to Horror Movies. London: Carlton Books. ISBN 978-1-78739-139-0. 
  • Meßlinger, Karin; Thomas, Vera (2003). Prinzler, Hans Helmut. ed (in de). Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau: ein Melancholiker des Films. Berlin: Bertz Verlag GbR. ISBN 3-929470-25-X. 

External links



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