Biology:Nothofagus alpina
| Nothofagus alpina | |
|---|---|
| |
| Adult tree | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Nothofagaceae |
| Genus: | Nothofagus |
| Subgenus: | Nothofagus subg. Lophozonia |
| Species: | N. alpina
|
| Binomial name | |
| Nothofagus alpina Popp. & Endl.
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Lophozonia alpina | |
Nothofagus alpina, also called rauli[2] or raulí beech (in Mapuche language) is a species of plant in the Nothofagaceae family. A deciduous tree, it grows in Chile and Argentina , it reaches 50 m (160 ft) height and more than 2 meters (6.5 feet) in diameter. Its distribution goes from 35 to 42° South latitude. It is found on the Andes. It tolerates low temperatures and heavy winds. It has a straight and cylindrical trunk with grey bark. N. alpina was proposed to be renamed Lophozonia alpina in 2013.[3]
Description
Monoecious and leafy. Alternate leaves, petioles 3 to 12 mm long, oblong ovate to lanceolate ovate, with glands and hairs regularly distributed, undulate margins and softly serrated. Lamina 4 to 12 x 2,5 to 5 cm, pinnate veins, pilose and very notorious, mostly below the leaf, new borne green shoots pubescent with brown felt-like hairs.
Flowers little unisexual: male in clusters of 3 flowers, briefly pedicellate, numerous stamens, male flowers disposed in 3 inflorescences supported by a peduncle about 1 cm long.
Fruit made up by a cupule of 4 narrow valves, in its interior 2 to 3 little yellowish nuts 6 mm long, a little hairy, being the two lower triangular, tri-winged, and the flat internal, bi-winged.
Raulí wood is pinkish with brown-reddish color and has a very fine grain. It is relatively easy to work and of medium weight. It is used in furniture, barrels for very fine Chilean wines, doors, veneers, shingles and floors. It has been introduced as ornamental in Great Britain and it grows well in Western Scotland, where it gets the necessary rainfall for its good growth; minimum 750 mm (30 in). It is very promising as a forestry tree in Western Great Britain and regenerates easily after coppicing.[4]
Young tree.
Leaves.
Flowers.
Frost hardiness study in Britain
Provenance sources from different places from its natural environment were tested in cultivation at the Bush estate in Scotland. Seedlots of Nothofagus alpina and Nothofagus obliqua were tested. The results of the testing in relation to the sources were reported as:
- Ñuble in Chile . This was the most equatorial source and these seedlots proved to be the most susceptible to frost.
- Neuquen in Argentina . These seedlots, as well as those gathered from mature trees growing in Britain with origins from Malleco in Chile were the most hardy. Overall, Nothofagus alpina performed better than Nothofagus obliqua.
Past temperature records for Britain suggest that seedlots run a high risk of suffering severe frost damage in all but mild coastal regions, and that spring and autumn frosts may be more damaging than winter frosts.[5][6]
Experimental plantations established in Wales suffered severe damage during the 1981–1982 cold wave that swept through Britain.[7]
Other locations
At Nautesund in Norway [8] where the extreme minimum annual temperature is -14 °C, combined with a south-facing exposure, good rainfall, and shelter from polar winds allow specimens of Rauli to grow.
Hybrids
- Nothofagus alpina hybridises with Nothofagus obliqua to form the hybrid species Nothofagus × dodecaphleps.[3]
References and external links
- ↑ Barstow, M. (2017). "Nothofagus alpina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T34628A67805949. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T34628A67805949.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/34628/67805949. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
- ↑ (xls) BSBI List 2007, Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, https://bsbi.org/download/3542/, retrieved 2014-10-17
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 HEENAN, PETER B.; SMISSEN, ROB D. (2013). "Revised circumscription of Nothofagus and recognition of the segregate genera Fuscospora, Lophozonia, and Trisyngyne (Nothofagaceae)". Phytotaxa 146 (1): 131. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.146.1.1. http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.146.1.1/5539. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ↑ Huxley. A. 1992 The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press 1992 ISBN:0-333-47494-5
- ↑ M. B. Murray, M. G. R. Cannell, L. J. Sheppard and R. Lines. 1986. Frost Hardiness of Nothofagus procera (alpina) and Nothofagus obliqua in Britain. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Bush Estate Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland. Forestry Commission, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland.
- ↑ "Frost Hardiness of Nothofagus procera and Nothofagus obliqua in Britain". Oxford Journals. http://forestry.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/59/2/209.
- ↑ Danby, N.P. (1991). "Nothofagus in Wales". Quarterly Journal of Forestry LXXXV (2): 103–116.
- ↑ "Rauli in Norway". GIT Forestry Consulting. http://www.git-forestry.com/EucalyptusInScandinavia.htm.
- Donoso, C. 2005. Árboles nativos de Chile. Guía de reconocimiento. Edición 4. Marisa Cuneo Ediciones, Valdivia, Chile. 136p.
- Hoffmann, Adriana. 1998. Flora Silvestre de Chile, Zona Central. Edición 4. Fundación Claudio Gay, Santiago. 254p.
- Rodríguez, R. & Quezada, M. 2003. Fagaceae. En C. Marticorena y R. Rodríguez [eds.], Flora de Chile Vol. 2(2), pp 64–76. Universidad de Concepción, Concepción.
- Bean. W. 1981 Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement. Murray.
External links
- Rauli in Encyclopedia of Chilean Flora
- Rauli in Chile bosque
- Rauli, Description and images from Chile Flora
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