Biology:Notobranchaeidae
| Notobranchaeidae | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Heterobranchia |
| Clade: | Euopisthobranchia |
| Order: | Pteropoda |
| Superfamily: | Clionoidea |
| Family: | Notobranchaeidae (Pelseneer, 1886) |
| Genera and species | |
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See text | |
The Notobranchaeidae, or "naked sea butterflies", are a taxonomic family of floating sea slugs, specifically under the subclass Opistobranchia, also called "sea angels".[1][2]
Similar to other Pteropods, these pelagic marine heterobranch gastropod mollusks[3] are holoplanktonic.[4][5]
Morphology
While they are not particularly strong swimmers, the foot of these organisms is modified into wing-like structures, called parapodia that they employ for locomotion.[5] Additionally, like other Pteropods of the order Gymnosomata,[6] Notobrachaeidae lack shells entirely as adults.[7][8] However, they do possess a shell earlier on in their lives.[8] They are also defined by how they possess a posterior gill, strong jaws, grasping tentacles that frequently possess suckers resembling those of cephalopods, and usually buccal cones as well.[9]
Behavior
Like other members of the clade Gymnosomata, Notobrachaeidae are highly specialized holoplanktonic carnivores.[10] In other words, they spend their entire lives hunting in the water column and cannot swim against the column.[10] Also like other members of this clade, Notobrachaeidae feed are very specific prey, with a species in this clade usually specializing in hunting one specific genus of thecosomes, which are also known as "sea butterflies," and form a sister clade to Gymnosomata with the primary difference being how adults of that clade possess shells into adulthood while Gymnosomata do not.[8][10]
Distribution
Members of this family are found globally throughout the upper reaches of the water column, in the pelagic zone, most commonly the epipelagic zone.[8] Following the trend of Pteropods in general, they tend to have the highest species diversity tropical and subtropical latitudes but are less abundant under these conditions.[8] Conversely, they are more abundant but possess less variety in terms of species closer to the north and south poles.[8] However, even in the tropics, they generally appear in high concentrations, resulting in their frequently playing important roles in planktonic food webs.[4][5][11]
Genera and species
Genera and species in the family Notobranchaeidae include:
Genus: Notobranchaea Pelseneer, 1886
- Notobranchaea bleekerae van der Spoel & Pafort-van Iersel, 1985
- Distribution : Oceanic
- Notobranchaea grandis Pruvot-Fol, 1942
- Distribution : Oceanic
- Length : 15 mm
- Notobranchaea hjorti (Bonnevie, 1913)
- Notobranchaea inopinata Pelseneer, 1887
- Distribution : Oceanic
- Length : 5 mm
- Notobranchaea longicollis (Bonnevie, 1913)
- Notobranchaea macdonaldi Pelseneer, 1886
- Distribution : Bermuda, Oceanic
- Length : 5 mm
- Notobranchaea tetrabranchiata Bonnevie, 1913
- Distribution : Oceanic
- Length : 16 mm
- Notobranchaea valdiviae Meisenheimer, 1905
- Genera brought into synonymy
- Microdonta Bonnevie, 1913: synonym of Notobranchaea Pelseneer, 1886 (invalid: junior homonym of Microdonta Dejean, 1835 [Coleoptera]; Schleschia is a replacement name)
- Prionoglossa Tesch, 1950: synonym of Notobranchaea Pelseneer, 1886
- Schleschia Strand, 1932: synonym of Notobranchaea Pelseneer, 1886
References
- ↑ Karlsson, Lars. Opisthobranchia: A taxonomic and biological review with emphasis on the families Chromodorididae and Phyllidiidae together with field notes from South East Sulawesi, Indonesia (Undergraduate thesis in biology). University of Linköping.
- ↑ Spoel, S. van der; Pafort-Van Iersel, T. (1985). "Note on the taxonomy of the family Notobranchaeidae and description of Notobranchaea bleekerae n. sp., a species new to science (Gastropoda, Pteropoda)". Basteria 49: 29–36.
- ↑ Burridge, Alice et al. (June 2017). "Time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of pteropods". PLOS ONE 12 (6): e0177325. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177325. ProQuest 1908757804. PMID 28604805. Bibcode: 2017PLoSO..1277325B.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Angulo-Campillo, Orso; Aceves-Medina, Gerardo; Avedaño-Ibarra, Raymundo (2011). "Holoplanktonic mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the Gulf of California, México". Check List 7 (3): 337–342. doi:10.15560/7.3.337.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Sanvicente, Laura (2014). "The holoplanktonic Mollusca from the southern Gulf of Mexico Part 2: pteropods". Cahiers de Biologie Marine 55: 241–258. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277597544.
- ↑ Taylor, D.; Sohl, N. (1962). "An Outline of Gastropod Classification". Malacologia 1 (1): 7–32. http://www.nativefishlab.net/library/textpdf/13500.pdf.
- ↑ Ossenbrügger, Holgen (2010). "Distribution patterns of pelagic gastropods at the Cape Verde Islands". http://cvoo.geomar.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/publications/CapeVerde_pteropods_Holger_Ossenbruegger_2010.pdf.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Pierrot-Bults, Annelies & Peijnenburg, K. (2015). Pteropods. Encyclopedia of marine geosciences. 1-10.
- ↑ Spoel, S. van der; Newman, L.; Estep, K. (n.d.). "Family Notobranchaeidae". http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=pelagic_molluscs&id=30&menuentry=groepen.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Lemus, E., Sanvicente-Añorve, L., Hermoso-Salazar, M, Flores-Coto, C. (2014). "The holoplanktonic Mollusca from the southern Gulf of Mexico Part 2: pteropods" (PDF). Cahiers de Biologie Marine. 55: 241–258 – via ResearchGate.
- ↑ Ballesteros, M.; Madrenas, E.; Pontes, M. (n.d.). "Gymnosomata". https://opistobranquis.info/en/guia/pteropoda/gymnosomata/.
- Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). Classification and nomenclature of gastropod families. Malacologia. 47(1-2): 1-397 ISBN 3-925919-72-4.
- MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Notobranchaeidae Pelseneer, 1886. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=23080 on 2019-04-16
- Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M. J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 180-213
External links
- "Prionoglossa". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=78084.
- Bonnevie K. (1913) Pteropoda from the "Michael Sars" North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition 1910. Report on the Scientific Results of the "Michael Sars" North Atlantic Deep Sea Expedition 1910 3(1) 1-85, pls. 1-9.
Wikidata ☰ Q3168852 entry
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