Biology:Nymphaea gigantea
| Giant waterlily | |
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| In natural habitat in north Queensland | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Order: | Nymphaeales |
| Family: | Nymphaeaceae |
| Genus: | Nymphaea |
| Species: | N. gigantea
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| Binomial name | |
| Nymphaea gigantea | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Nymphaea gigantea, commonly known as the giant waterlily or blue waterlily, is a perennial, herbaceous plant in the family Nymphaeaceae which is native to parts of northern and eastern Australia (and possibly New Guinea), and it has been widely cultivated elsewhere. It is an aquatic plant whose natural habitat is permanent and semi-permanent still water bodies
Description
The giant waterlily has a rhizomatous growth habit - that is, the main stem of the plant grows horizontally under the ground (in this case in the mud at the bottom of a lake or pond) and only the leaves and flowers are seen above the surface. The rhizome is globose, the large floating leaves are orbicular to slightly egg-shaped, and cordate (i.e. the petiole, or leaf stem, attaches to the leaf blade at the base of a deep radial cleft).[3][4] They measure up to 80 cm (31 in) diameter and are glabrous (hairless) on both sides, with regularly-spaced teeth along the margins measuring about 5 mm (0.20 in) long.[3][4]
The large flowers are solitary and up to 25 cm (9.8 in) diameter. They are held on a rigid, upright peduncle that may extend up to 50 cm (20 in) above the water surface.[3][4] They have four green sepals that measure about 11 cm (4.3 in) long and sometimes have blue or purple streaks, and up to 32 petals that are initially lilac or blue but fade to almost white with age.[3][4]
The fruit is – in botanical terms – a berry. After fertilisation of the flower it is drawn underwater by the contraction of the peduncle (i.e. the flower stalk),[5] where the fruit ripens just below the surface.[6] They are roughly the size of an apple and may contain up to 3,000 seeds.[6]
Phenology
Flowering occurs throughout the year, but is more common in warmer months. The flowers are open during the day and closed at night.[3]
Cytology
The chromosome count is n = 112. The genome size is 2709.06 Mb.[7]
Taxonomy
Nymphaea gigantea was first described in 1852 by the English botanist and illustrator William Jackson Hooker in The Botanical Magazine, based on material collected by John Carne Bidwill from the Wide Bay area of Queensland (at that time still a part of the colony of New South Wales). The description was accompanied by an illustration by Walter Hood Fitch detailing the flower.[1][8][9]
Distribution and habitat
The range of the giant waterlily in Australia is from northeastern New South Wales, through eastern and northern Queensland, northern parts of the Northern Territory, and the far northeast of Western Australia.[2][4][10][11] Some non-authoritative sources claim it is also native to New Guinea.[12][13]
The habitat is permanent and semi-permanent waters of lakes, billabongs, and sluggish rivers where the bottom is deep mud and the water depth is at least 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in).[4][12][14]:109
Conservation
This species is listed by the Queensland Department of Environment and Science as "special least concern", a rating unique to Queensland which is ranked above "least concern".[15][16] (As of July 2023), this species has not been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Cultivation
The species was brought to England by Frederick Strange, where it received notices in newspapers and began to be cultivated by nurseries.[9]
Uses
Various parts of Nymphaea gigantea are edible and the plant was an important staple food for indigenous Australians across the northern parts of Australia.[12][14]:226 The golfball-sized tubers were collected from the muddy bottoms of water bodies by indigenous women and roasted before eating.[6][12][14]:226 The flower buds and peeled stalks were eaten raw, and the seeds could either be eaten on their own after roasting the whole fruit, or were pounded to make a flour for damper.[6][12][14]:109[14]:226
Gallery
In natural habitat, southern Queensland, March 2022
Southern Queensland, March 2022
Leaves (cultivated at Kew Gardens)
2017 Australian postage stamp illustration
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Nymphaea gigantea". Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/98659.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Nymphaea gigantea Hook.". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/605568-1.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Nymphaea gigantea". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra. 2022. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Nymphaea%20gigantea.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 "PlantNET - FloraOnline". Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney. https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Nymphaea~gigantea.
- ↑ "PlantNET - FloraOnline". Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney. https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Nymphaea.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Low, Tim (1998). Wild Food Plants of Australia. Sydney: Angus & Robertson Publishers. p. 56. ISBN 0-207-16930-6. https://www.timlow.com/wild-food-plants/.
- ↑ Chen, Fei; Liu, Xing; Yu, Cuiwei; Chen, Yuchu; Tang, Haibao; Zhang, Liangsheng (2017). "Water lilies as emerging models for Darwin's abominable mystery". Horticulture Research 4: 17051. doi:10.1038/hortres.2017.51. PMID 28979789. PMC 5626932. https://academic.oup.com/hr/article-pdf/doi/10.1038/hortres.2017.51/41958119/41438_2017_article_bfhortres201751.pdf.
- ↑ Hooker, William Jackson (1852). Illustrated by Walter Hood Fitch. "Tab 4647 Nymphaea gigantea". Curtis's Botanical Magazine 78. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/467191.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Whittell, H. M. (1947). "Frederick Strange". The Australian Zoologist 11: 96–114. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/271206.
- ↑ "Search: species: Nymphaea gigantea | Occurrence records". Australian Government. https://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/search?taxa=Nymphaea%20gigantea#tab_mapView.
- ↑ "Nymphaea gigantea". https://www.gbif.org/species/7326918.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Beasley, John (2009). Plants of Cape York - the compact guide. John Beasley. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-9806863-0-2.
- ↑ Mills, Colin. "Nymphaea gigantea Hook.". Colin Mills. http://hortuscamden.com/plants/view/nymphaea-gigantea-hook.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Isaacs, Jennifer (1987). Bush Food - Aboriginal Food and Herbal Medicine. Sydney: Lansdowne Publishing. ISBN 0725408340. https://www.jenniferisaacs.com.au/books/#bushfood.
- ↑ "Species profile—Nymphaea gigantea". Queensland Government. 2022. https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/species-search/details/?id=29765.
- ↑ "Nature Conservation Act 1992". Queensland Government. 2023. https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1992-020#sec.88D.
External links
- View a map of historical sightings of this species at the Australasian Virtual Herbarium
- View observations of this species on iNaturalist
- View images of this species on Flickriver
Wikidata ☰ Q150010 entry
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