Biology:Outline of sports

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Short description: Overview of and topical guide to sports


100m race record holder Usain Bolt (in yellow) and other runners, Moscow, 2013.
Danish player Frederikke Lærke dives while Russian player Sofiya Lyshina looks on during a women's beach handball match, European Championships 2019.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to sports:

Sport – a physical activity that is governed by a set of rules or customs and often engaged in competitively, sports can be played on land, in water and in the air.

What is a sport?

Sports can be described as all of the following:

  • Entertainment – Any sport that includes spectators, either free or paid admission, with no pre-scripted plot of the outcome. The athletics might also get entertained by complete sports objective.
  • Exercise – some sports are physical exercise while others are mental exercise.

Types of sports

  • Amateur sports
  • Animal sport
  • Athletic sports
  • Blood sports
  • Demonstration sports
  • Disabled sports
  • Electronic sports
  • Extreme sports
  • Fantasy sports
  • Individual sport
  • Motorsports
  • Professional sports
  • Racing
  • Spectator sport
  • Team sport
  • Throwing sports
  • Underwater sports
  • Women's sports
  • Youth sports


List of sports

List of sports

Sport by region

Africa

West Africa LocationWesternAfrica.png
Benin • Burkina Faso • Cape Verde • Côte d'Ivoire • Gambia • Ghana • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Liberia • Mali • Mauritania • Niger • Nigeria • Senegal • Sierra Leone • Togo
North Africa LocationNorthernAfrica.png
Algeria • Egypt • Libya • Mauritania • Morocco • Sudan • Tunisia • Western Sahara
Central Africa LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png
Angola • Burundi • Cameroon • Central African Republic • Chad • The Democratic Republic of the Congo • Equatorial Guinea • Gabon • Republic of the Congo • Rwanda • São Tomé and Príncipe
East Africa LocationEasternAfrica.png
Burundi • Comoros • Djibouti • Eritrea • Ethiopia • Kenya • Madagascar • Malawi • Mauritius • Mozambique • Rwanda • Seychelles • Somalia • Tanzania • Uganda • Zambia • Zimbabwe
Southern Africa LocationSouthernAfrica.png
Botswana • Eswatini • Lesotho • Namibia • South Africa
Dependencies
Mayotte (France) • St. Helena (UK) • Puntland • Somaliland • Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Antarctica

None

Asia

Central Asia
Kazakhstan[1] • Kyrgyzstan • Tajikistan • Turkmenistan • Uzbekistan
East Asia
China[2]
Tibet
Hong Kong[3] • Macau[4]
Japan • North Korea • South Korea • Mongolia • Taiwan[5]
North Asia
Russia[6]
Southeast Asia[7]
Brunei • Burma (Myanmar) • Cambodia[8] • East Timor (Timor-Leste)[9] • Indonesia[10] • Laos • Malaysia • Philippines • Singapore • Thailand • Vietnam
South Asia
Afghanistan • Bangladesh • Bhutan• Iran • Maldives • Nepal • Pakistan • Sri Lanka
India[11]
Delhi
West Asia
Armenia[12] • Azerbaijan[13] • Bahrain • Cyprus[14] (including disputed Northern Cyprus) • Georgia[15] • Iraq • Israel • Jordan • Kuwait • Lebanon • Oman • Palestine[16]Qatar • Saudi Arabia • Syria • Turkey[17] • United Arab Emirates • Yemen

Caucasus (a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them)

North Caucasus
Parts of Russia (Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adyghea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai)
South Caucasus
Georgia (including disputed Abkhazia, South Ossetia) • Armenia • Azerbaijan (including disputed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic)

Europe

Akrotiri and Dhekelia • Åland • Albania • Andorra • Armenia • Austria • Azerbaijan • Belarus • Belgium • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria • Croatia • Cyprus • Czech Republic • Denmark • Estonia • Faroe Islands • Finland • France • Georgia • Germany • Gibraltar • Greece • Guernsey • Hungary • Iceland • Ireland • Isle of Man • Italy • Jersey • Kazakhstan • Kosovo • Latvia • Liechtenstein • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Macedonia • Malta • Moldova (including disputed Transnistria) • Monaco • Montenegro • Netherlands • Norway • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Russia • San Marino • Serbia • Slovakia • Slovenia • Spain • Svalbard • Sweden • Switzerland • Turkey • Ukraine
United Kingdom
England (Birmingham, Bristol, Cornwall, London, Milton Keynes, Sussex, Worthing) • Northern Ireland (Belfast) • Scotland (Glasgow) • Wales (Cardiff)
Vatican City
European Union

North America

Canada
Greenland • Mexico • Saint Pierre and Miquelon
United States
Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Montana • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming
District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)
Central America
Belize • Costa Rica • El Salvador • Guatemala • Honduras • Nicaragua • Panama
Caribbean
Anguilla • Antigua and Barbuda • Aruba • Bahamas • Barbados • Bermuda • British Virgin Islands • Cayman Islands • Cuba • Dominica • Dominican Republic • Grenada • Haiti • Jamaica • Montserrat • Netherlands Antilles • Puerto Rico • Saint Barthélemy • Saint Kitts and Nevis • Saint Lucia • Saint Martin • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines • Trinidad and Tobago • Turks and Caicos Islands • United States Virgin Islands
Oceania (includes the continent of Australia)
Australasia[18]
Australia (Brisbane, Sydney)
Dependencies/Territories of Australia
Christmas Island[19] • Cocos (Keeling) Islands • Norfolk Island
New Zealand[20]
Melanesia[21]
Fiji • Indonesia (Oceanian part only)[22] • New Caledonia (France) • Papua New Guinea[23] • Solomon Islands • Vanuatu •
Micronesia
Federated States of Micronesia • Guam (United States ) • Kiribati • Marshall Islands • Nauru • Northern Mariana Islands (USA) • Palau • Wake Island (USA) •
Polynesia[24]
American Samoa (USA) • Chatham Islands (NZ) • Cook Islands (NZ) • Easter Island (Chile) • French Polynesia (France) • Hawaii (USA) • Loyalty Islands (France) • Niue (NZ) • Pitcairn Islands (United Kingdom ) • Adamstown • Samoa • Tokelau (NZ) • Tonga • Tuvalu • Wallis and Futuna (France)

South America

Argentina • Bolivia • Brazil • Chile • Colombia • Ecuador • Falkland Islands • Guyana • Paraguay • Peru • Suriname • Uruguay • Venezuela

South Atlantic

Ascension Island • Saint Helena • Tristan da Cunha

History of sports

History of sports

  • Sports history organizations
  • History of American football
  • History of archery
  • History of association football
  • History of Australian rules football
  • History of baseball
  • History of basketball
  • History of chess
  • History of cricket
  • History of cue sports
  • History of curling
  • History of cycling
  • History of field hockey
  • History of figure skating
  • History of Formula One
  • History of hang gliding
  • History of the Gaelic Athletic Association
  • History of hurling
  • History of lacrosse
  • History of martial arts
  • History of netball
  • History of orienteering
  • History of professional wrestling
  • History of rodeo
  • History of roller derby
  • History of rowing
  • History of rugby league
  • History of rugby union
  • History of skiing
  • History of snooker
  • History of surfing
  • History of swimming
  • History of tennis
  • History of water polo
  • History of wrestling


Recreational sporting

Rules

  • Foul
  • Goal
  • Open
  • Referee
  • Score
  • Sudden death
  • Offside

Sports in court

General
  • Court of Arbitration for Sport
American football
  • American Needle, Inc. v. National Football League
  • Two cases that involved the trademark rights of the Washington Redskins:
    • Harjo et al v. Pro Football, Inc.
    • Pro-Football, Inc. v. Harjo
  • NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
Association football
  • Bosman ruling
  • Fraser v. Major League Soccer
  • Webster ruling
Baseball
  • Barry Bonds perjury case
  • Federal Baseball Club v. National League
  • Flood v. Kuhn
  • Seitz decision
  • Toolson v. New York Yankees
Basketball
  • Haywood v. National Basketball Association
  • Robertson v. National Basketball Association
Other sports
  • Kolpak ruling

Sports training and nutrition

Muscles training

Sports nutrition

Sports medicine

Sports medicine

Sports and media

Sports magazines

  • Sports Illustrated
  • SportsEvents Magazine

Sports television programs

  • Pulp Sport

Sports ethics and conduct

  • Gamesmanship
  • Racism in sport
  • Sportsmanship
    • Spirit of the Game in Ultimate
  • Violence in sports
    • Hooliganism
    • Violence in baseball
    • Violence in ice hockey

Sports participants

Sports venues

Sport venue

  • Arena
  • Association football pitch
  • Australian rules football playing field
  • Baseball park
  • Billiard hall
  • Cricket ground
  • Game court
  • Golf course
  • Gym
  • Gymkhana
  • Ice hockey arena
  • Ice rink
  • Olympic-size swimming pool
  • Race track
  • Roller rink
  • Rugby league playing field
  • Speed skating rink
  • Stadium
  • Tennis court


Sports venue features

  • Bleacher
  • Club seating
  • Field house
  • Grandstand
  • Dohyō
  • Groundshare
  • Leisure centre
  • Luxury box
  • Medialuna
  • Palace of Sports
  • Palaestra
  • Personal seat license
  • Turf management

Sports equipment

Game play

  • Power play
  • Losing streak
  • Grind

Sports management

Sport management

  • Demonstration sport
  • Sports marketing
  • Sponsor
  • Scout
  • List of professional sports leagues by revenue

Sports culture

  • Fan loyalty
  • National sport
  • Nudity in sport
  • Performance art
  • Sports memorabilia
  • Sporting club
  • List of sports attendance figures
  • List of attendance figures at domestic professional sports leagues

Sports and politics

Politics and sports

  • Nationalism and sport
  • Ministry of Sports
  • Racism in sport
  • Sport policies of the Arab League
  • Sport policies of the European Union

Sporting events

  • Division
  • International sport
  • Multi-sport event
  • National championship
  • Olympic Games
  • Sports league
  • Tournament
  • World championship
  • List of professional sports leagues

Sports governing bodies

Sports governing body

  • Regulation of sport

World governing bodies of various notable sports:

  • The Olympic Games: International Olympic Committee (IOC)
  • Baseball: International Baseball Federation (IBAF), but several countries/regions have their own professional bodies with rules variations, including Cuba, US/Canada, and Japan
  • Basketball: FIBA (International Basketball Federation), but national pro leagues may diverge from its rules, as in the US
  • Cricket: International Cricket Council (ICC)
  • Cue sports: World Confederation of Billiards Sports:
    • Carom billiards: Union Mondiale de Billard (UMB)
    • Pocket billiards (pool): World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA)
    • Snooker and English billiards: World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA or World Snooker)
  • Football variants have many governing bodies, with widely divergent rules:
    • Association football (soccer): FIFA
    • Gridiron football is divided in into:
      • American football: International Federation of American Football (IFAF) is the world governing body, but U.S. domestic leagues at professional and college levels may diverge from its rules
      • Canadian football: Canadian Football League (CFL)
    • Rugby football is divided into two "codes" or sets of rules:
      • Rugby league: Rugby League International Federation (RLIF)
      • Rugby union: International Rugby Board (IRB)
    • Australian rules football: AFL Commission
    • Gaelic football: Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA)
    • International-rules football: A conference of the AFL and GAA
  • Golf: International Golf Federation (IGF)
  • Ice hockey: International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF)
  • Motor racing:
    • Car racing: International Federation of the Automobile (FIA)
    • Motorcycle racing: International Motorcycling Federation (FIM)
    • Motorboat racing: International Motonautical Union (UIM) and others, depending on boat type
  • Tennis: International Tennis Federation (ITF)
  • Underwater sports
    • Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)

Sociology of sport

The sociology of sport is a subfield of sociology which aims to study sports through the lens of interactions between different groups and cultures.[25] The field has also investigated how various gender divides in sports can influence feminist movements.[26]

Sport psychology

Sport psychology is the study of how psychological factors can impact engagement in professional and recreational sports, as well as how sports impact an athlete's psychological state.[27] After becoming popular in the early 20th century, it is now a recognized scientific field which is relevant to many different sports.[28] Modern sports psychologists often use a combination of goal setting, visualization techniques and preperformance routines to help athletes achieve their goals.[29][30][31]

See also

Sports-related outlines


References

  1. ↑   Kazakhstan is sometimes considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only.
  2. ↑   The state is commonly known as simply "China", which is subsumed by the China .
  3. ↑   Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the PRC.
  4. ↑   Macau is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the PRC.
  5. ↑   Under the de facto control of the Republic of China (ROC) government, commonly referred to as Taiwan. Claimed in whole by the PRC; see political status of Taiwan.
  6. ↑   Russia is a transcontinental country; population and area figures are for Asian portion only.
  7. ↑ Excludes Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australian external territories in the Indian Ocean southwest of Indonesia).
  8. ↑ General Population Census of Cambodia 2008 - Provisional population totals, National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, released 3 September 2008
  9. ↑   East Timor is often considered a transcontinental country in Southeastern Asia and Oceania.
  10. ↑   Indonesia is often considered a transcontinental country in Southeastern Asia and Oceania
  11. ↑   Includes Jammu and Kashmir, a contested territory among India, Pakistan , and the PRC.
  12. ↑   Armenia is sometimes considered a transcontinental country physiographically in Western Asia, it has historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe.
  13. ↑   Azerbaijan is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only. Figures include Nakhchivan, an autonomous exclave of Azerbaijan bordered by Armenia, Iran, and Turkey.
  14. ↑   The island of Cyprus is sometimes considered a transcontinental territory in the Eastern Basin of the Mediterranean Sea south of Turkey, it has historical and socio-political connections with Europe. The U.N. considers Cyprus to be in Western Asia, while the C.I.A. considers it to be in the Middle East.
  15. ↑   Georgia is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for the Asian portion only.
  16. ↑   Gaza and West Bank, collectively referred to as the "Occupied Palestinian Territory" by the UN, are territories partially occupied by Israel but under de facto administration of the Palestinian National Authority.
  17. ↑   Turkey is generally considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Southern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only, excluding all of Istanbul.
  18. ↑ The use and scope of this term varies. The UN designation for this subregion is "Australia and New Zealand."
  19. ↑ Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are Australian external territories in the Indian Ocean southwest of Indonesia.
  20. ↑ New Zealand is often considered part of Polynesia rather than Australasia.
  21. ↑ Excludes parts of Indonesia, island territories in Southeast Asia (UN region) frequently reckoned in this region.
  22. ↑ Indonesia is generally considered a territory of Southeastern Asia (UN region); wholly or partially, it is also frequently included in Australasia or Melanesia. Figures include Indonesian portion of New Guinea (Irian Jaya) and Maluku Islands.
  23. ↑ Papua New Guinea is often considered part of Australasia as well as Melanesia.
  24. ↑ Excludes the US state of Hawaii, which is distant from the North American landmass in the Pacific Ocean, and Easter Island, a territory of Chile in South America.
  25. ↑ Macri, Kenneth J. (2012). "Not Just a Game: Sport and Society in the United States" (in en). Inquiries Journal 4 (8). http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1664/not-just-a-game-sport-and-society-in-the-united-states. 
  26. ↑ Hayhurst, Lyndsay MC (2011-04-01). "Corporatising Sport, Gender and Development: postcolonial IR feminisms, transnational private governance and global corporate social engagement". Third World Quarterly 32 (3): 531–549. doi:10.1080/01436597.2011.573944. ISSN 0143-6597. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.573944. 
  27. ↑ Weinberg, Robert Stephen (2011) (in en). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-1-4504-0038-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=cX-Md9gQ7w8C&q=foundations+of+sport+and+exercise+psychology. 
  28. ↑ Fuchs, Alfred H. (1998). "Psychology and "The Babe"" (in en). Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 34 (2): 153–165. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6696(199821)34:2<153::AID-JHBS3>3.0.CO;2-T. ISSN 1520-6696. PMID 9580977. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/%28SICI%291520-6696%28199821%2934%3A2%3C153%3A%3AAID-JHBS3%3E3.0.CO%3B2-T. 
  29. ↑ Vealey, Robin S. (2005) (in en). Coaching for the Inner Edge. Fitness Information Technology. ISBN 978-1-885693-59-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx-HQgAACAAJ&q=coaching+for+the+inner+edge. 
  30. ↑ Williams, Jean Marie (2006) (in en). Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-284383-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=NYJLAAAAYAAJ&q=Applied+Sport+Psychology+2006. 
  31. ↑ Ravizza K, Hanson T. (1995). Heads up baseball: Playing the game one pitch at a time. Lincolmwood, IL: Masters Press.

External links

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