Biology:PAPOLA

Generic protein structure example

Poly(A) polymerase alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAPOLA gene.

PAPOLA binds to FIP1L1 (Factor interacting with PAPOLA and CPSF1), a subunit of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 1 (CPSF1) complex. This complex polyadenylates the 3' end of precursor mRNAs (pre-mRNA) (see CPSF). CPSF1 is an RNA processing protein that binds to uracil-rich sequences in pre-mRNA, binds with and stimulates POPOLA's Polynucleotide adenylyltransferase activity, and thereby adds adenylyl residues to pre-mRNA. This poly-adenylyl action increases pre mRNA's maturation and movement from the nucleus to cytoplasm while dramatically increasing the stability of the mRNA formed from pre-mRNA: FIP1L1 is a Pre-mRNA 3'-end-processing factor. FIP1L1 gene fusions between it and either the platelet-derived growth factor receptor, alpha (PGDFRA) or Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) genes are causes of certain human diseases associated with pathologically increased levels of blood eosinophils and/or Leukemias.

Further reading

• "Tat-dependent occlusion of the HIV poly(A) site.". EMBO J. 12 (5): 2119–28. 1993. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05860.x. PMID 8491200. 
• "Binding of factor VIIa to tissue factor induces alterations in gene expression in human fibroblast cells: up-regulation of poly(A) polymerase.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (23): 12598–603. 1997. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.23.12598. PMID 9356495. Bibcode: 1997PNAS...9412598P. 
• "The NMR structure of the 38 kDa U1A protein - PIE RNA complex reveals the basis of cooperativity in regulation of polyadenylation by human U1A protein.". Nat. Struct. Biol. 7 (4): 329–35. 2000. doi:10.1038/74101. PMID 10742179. 
• "Hypophosphorylation of poly(A) polymerase and increased polyadenylation activity are associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr expression.". Virology 292 (2): 321–30. 2002. doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1261. PMID 11878934. 
• "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. 2003. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...9916899M. 
• "Regulation of poly(A) polymerase by 14-3-3epsilon.". EMBO J. 22 (19): 5208–19. 2003. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg486. PMID 14517258. 
• "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. 2004. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039. 
• "A physical and functional map of the human TNF-alpha/NF-kappa B signal transduction pathway.". Nat. Cell Biol. 6 (2): 97–105. 2004. doi:10.1038/ncb1086. PMID 14743216. 
• "Human Fip1 is a subunit of CPSF that binds to U-rich RNA elements and stimulates poly(A) polymerase.". EMBO J. 23 (3): 616–26. 2005. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600070. PMID 14749727. 
• "Distinct sequence motifs within the 68-kDa subunit of cleavage factor Im mediate RNA binding, protein-protein interactions, and subcellular localization.". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (34): 35788–97. 2005. doi:10.1074/jbc.M403927200. PMID 15169763. https://boa.unimib.it/bitstream/10281/4454/3/Dettwiler_et_al_Rev.pdf. 
• "Functional proteomics mapping of a human signaling pathway.". Genome Res. 14 (7): 1324–32. 2004. doi:10.1101/gr.2334104. PMID 15231748. 
• "Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (33): 12130–5. 2004. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404720101. PMID 15302935. Bibcode: 2004PNAS..10112130B. 
• "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. 2004. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMID 15489334. 
• "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network.". Nature 437 (7062): 1173–8. 2005. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. Bibcode: 2005Natur.437.1173R.