Biology:PRKD3

Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Generic protein structure example

Serine/threonine-protein kinase D3 (PKD3) or PKC-nu is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKD3 gene.

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases that can be activated by calcium and the second messenger diacylglycerol. PKC family members phosphorylate a wide variety of protein targets and are known to be involved in diverse cellular signaling pathways. PKC family members also serve as major receptors for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters. Each member of the PKC family has a specific expression profile and is believed to play a distinct role. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the PKC family members. This kinase can be activated rapidly by the agonists of G protein-coupled receptors. It resides in both cytoplasm and nucleus, and its nuclear accumulation is found to be dramatically enhanced in response to its activation. This kinase can also be activated after B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) engagement, which requires intact phospholipase C gamma and the involvement of other PKC family members.

Further reading

• "Glycogen synthase kinase-3: properties, functions, and regulation". Chem. Rev. 101 (8): 2527–40. 2002. doi:10.1021/cr000110o. PMID 11749387. 
• "Trans-activation of HIV-1 LTR-directed gene expression by tat requires protein kinase C". EMBO J. 9 (4): 1165–70. 1990. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08223.x. PMID 2182321. 
• "Identification of 21 novel human protein kinases, including 3 members of a family related to the cell cycle regulator nimA of Aspergillus nidulans". Cell Growth Differ. 4 (10): 821–30. 1994. PMID 8274451. 
• "Extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein is associated with an increase in both NF-kappa B binding and protein kinase C activity in primary human astrocytes". J. Virol. 70 (3): 1384–9. 1996. doi:10.1128/JVI.70.3.1384-1389.1996. PMID 8627654. 
• Holmes AM (1996). "In vitro phosphorylation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein by protein kinase C: evidence for the phosphorylation of amino acid residue serine-46". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 335 (1): 8–12. doi:10.1006/abbi.1996.0476. PMID 8914829. 
• "Extracellular HIV-1 Tat protein induces a rapid and selective activation of protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha, and -epsilon and -zeta isoforms in PC12 cells". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 242 (2): 332–7. 1998. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.7877. PMID 9446795. 
• "Human immunodeficiency virus Tat protein induces interleukin 6 mRNA expression in human brain endothelial cells via protein kinase C- and cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathways". AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 14 (10): 825–33. 1998. doi:10.1089/aid.1998.14.825. PMID 9671211. 
• "Release of calcium from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-regulated stores by HIV-1 Tat regulates TNF-alpha production in human macrophages". J. Immunol. 164 (12): 6538–42. 2000. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.12.6538. PMID 10843712. 
• "Phosphorylation and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 by protein kinase A". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (22): 11960–5. 2000. doi:10.1073/pnas.220413597. PMID 11035810. Bibcode: 2000PNAS...9711960F. 
• "Tat Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Induces Interleukin-10 in Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes: Implication of Protein Kinase C-Dependent Pathway". J. Virol. 74 (22): 10551–62. 2000. doi:10.1128/JVI.74.22.10551-10562.2000. PMID 11044099. 
• "HIV-1 Tat promotes monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion followed by transmigration of monocytes". Blood 97 (2): 352–8. 2001. doi:10.1182/blood.V97.2.352. PMID 11154208. 
• "[HIV-1 Tat protein induces IL-10 production by human monocytes: implications of the PKC and calcium pathway]". J. Soc. Biol. 195 (3): 319–26. 2002. PMID 11833470. 
• "Convergence of Multiple Signaling Cascades at Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3: Edg Receptor-Mediated Phosphorylation and Inactivation by Lysophosphatidic Acid through a Protein Kinase C-Dependent Intracellular Pathway". Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (7): 2099–110. 2002. doi:10.1128/MCB.22.7.2099-2110.2002. PMID 11884598. 
• "HIV-1 Tat protein induces interleukin-10 in human peripheral blood monocytes: involvement of protein kinase C-betaII and -delta". FASEB J. 16 (6): 546–54. 2002. doi:10.1096/fj.01-0775com. PMID 11919157. 
• "Human serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-like kinase (SGKL) phosphorylates glycogen syntheses kinase 3 beta (GSK-3beta) at serine-9 through direct interaction". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 293 (4): 1191–6. 2002. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00349-2. PMID 12054501. 
• "Novel protein kinase C isoforms regulate human keratinocyte differentiation by activating a p38 delta mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade that targets CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (35): 31753–60. 2002. doi:10.1074/jbc.M205098200. PMID 12080077. 
• "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. 2003. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...9916899M. 
• "Signaling pathways triggered by HIV-1 Tat in human monocytes to induce TNF-alpha". Virology 303 (1): 174–80. 2003. doi:10.1006/viro.2002.1676. PMID 12482669.