Biology:Palaeoryctidae

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Palaeoryctidae ("ancient diggers") is an extinct family of non-specialized eutherian mammals from extinct order Palaeoryctida, that lived in North America, Europe, Asia and Africa from the late Cretaceous to the middle Eocene.[1][2][3][4][5]

Description

From a near-complete skull of the genus Palaeoryctes found in New Mexico, it is known that palaeoryctids were small, shrew-like insectivores with an elongated snout similar to that of the leptictids. However, in contrast to the latter, little is known about palaeoryctids' postcranial anatomy (the skeleton without the skull).[6] A 2024 study found shared cranial details between palaeoryctids and leptictids, suggesting a possible close relationship, plesiomorphic retentions, or convergent acquisitions.[7] Where the leptictids were short-lived, the palaeoryctids seem to have been ancestors of Eocene species. While their dental morphology still indicate a mostly insectivorous diet, it, to some extent, also relate to Eocene carnivores such as creodonts.[6]

Taxonomy and phylogeny

History of phylogeny

The relationship between this archaic group and other insectivorous mammals is uncertain.[8][9] Palaeoryctidae was originally assigned to the now-abandoned grouping Insectivora by Sloan and Van Valen (1965), then to clade Proteutheria,[4] and more recently to Eutheria by Scott et al. (2002).[10]

Generally speaking Palaeoryctidae has been used as a wastebasket taxon for many archaic insectivorous mammals.[11]

According to a 2022 study by Bertrand et al., palaeoryctids are identified to be a basal group of placental mammals.[12]

Taxonomy

  • Order: †Palaeoryctida (Averianov, 2003)
    • Family: †Palaeoryctidae (Winge, 1917)
      • Genus: †Aceroryctes (Rankin & Holroyd, 2014)
        • †Aceroryctes dulcis (Rankin & Holroyd, 2014)
      • Genus: †Anthraryctes (Bajpai, 2005)
        • †Anthraryctes vastanensis (Bajpai, 2005)
      • Genus: †Lainoryctes (Fox, 2004)
        • †Lainoryctes youzwyshyni (Fox, 2004)
      • Genus: †Nuryctes (Tong, 2003)
        • †Nuryctes alayensis (Lopatin & Averianov, 2004)
        • †Nuryctes gobiensis (Lopatin & Averianov, 2004)
        • †Nuryctes qinlingensis (Tong, 1997)
      • Genus: †Pinoryctes (Lopatin, 2006)
        • †Pinoryctes collector (Lopatin, 2006)
      • Subfamily: †Palaeoryctinae(paraphyletic subfamily) (Winge, 1917)
        • Genus: †Aaptoryctes (Gingerich, 1982)
          • †Aaptoryctes ivyi (Gingerich, 1982)
        • Genus: †Eoryctes (Thewissen & Gingerich, 1989)
          • †Eoryctes melanus (Thewissen & Gingerich, 1989)
        • Genus: †Ottoryctes (Bloch, 2004)
          • †Ottoryctes winkleri (Bloch, 2004)
        • Genus: †Palaeoryctes(paraphyletic genus) (Matthew, 1913)
          • †Palaeoryctes cruoris (Gunnell, 1994)
          • †Palaeoryctes jepseni (Bloch, 2004)
          • †Palaeoryctes minimus (Gheerbrant, 1992)
          • †Palaeoryctes puercensis (Matthew, 1913)
          • †Palaeoryctes punctatus (Van Valen, 1966)
          • †Palaeoryctes sp. [Roche Percée, Saskatchewan, Canada] (Rankin, 2018)
      • Incertae sedis:
        • †Palaeoryctidae sp. [RI 343 & RI 355] (Godinot, 1981)
        • †Palaeoryctidae sp. [Andarak 2, Osh, Kyrgyzstan] (Lopatin, 2006)
        • †Palaeoryctidae sp. indet. 1 (Pol, 1992)
        • †Palaeoryctidae sp. indet. 2 (Pol, 1992)

References

  1. ↑ (in en) Mammals: An Outline of Theriology. 1976. https://books.google.com/books?id=4na5gY-lXwgC&q=Palaeoryctoidea. 
  2. ↑ C., McKenna, Malcolm; Xiangxu., Xue; Mingzhen., Zhou (1984). "Prosarcodon lonanensis, a new Paleocene micropternodontid palaeoryctoid insectivore from Asia." (in en-US). American Museum Novitates (2780). 
  3. ↑ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=OLYifwU8bqQC&pg=PP9. Retrieved 16 March 2015. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gregg F. Gunnell, Thomas Bown, Jonathan Ivan Bloch, Doug M. Boyer (2008.) "Proteutheria"; pp. 63–81 in C. M. Janis, G. F. Gunnell, and M. Uhen (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 2: Small Mammals, Xenarthrans, and Marine Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
  5. ↑ Rankin, Brian D.; Holroyd, Patricia A. (October 2014). Sues, Hans-Dieter. ed. "Aceroryctes dulcis, a new palaeoryctid (Mammalia, Eutheria) from the early Eocene of the Wasatch Formation of southwestern Wyoming, USA" (in en). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 51 (10): 919–926. doi:10.1139/cjes-2014-0101. ISSN 0008-4077. Bibcode: 2014CaJES..51..919R. http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/cjes-2014-0101. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Agustí & Antón 2002, p. 5
  7. ↑ Wible, John R.; Bertrand, Ornella C. (2024-07-08). "Basicranial Anatomy of Leptictis haydeni Leidy, 1868 (Mammalia, Eutheria, Leptictidae)". Annals of Carnegie Museum 90 (1). doi:10.2992/007.090.0101. ISSN 0097-4463. https://bioone.org/journals/annals-of-carnegie-museum/volume-90/issue-1/007.090.0101/Basicranial-Anatomy-of-Leptictis-haydeni-Leidy-1868-Mammalia-Eutheria-Leptictidae/10.2992/007.090.0101.full. 
  8. ↑ Gingerich 1982, p. 38
  9. ↑ History, Carnegie Museum of Natural (1995) (in en). Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Carnegie Museum of Natural History.. https://books.google.com/books?id=v-VJAAAAYAAJ&q=Palaeoryctoidea. 
  10. ↑ "PBDB Taxon". https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=40223&is_real_user=1. 
  11. ↑ Prothero, Donald R. (2016-11-15) (in en). The Princeton Field Guide to Prehistoric Mammals. Princeton University Press. pp. 104. ISBN 9781400884452. https://books.google.com/books?id=eiftDAAAQBAJ&q=Palaeoryctoidea&pg=PA104. 
  12. ↑ Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R. et al. (2022). "Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction". Science 376 (6588): 80–85. doi:10.1126/science.abl5584. PMID 35357913. Bibcode: 2022Sci...376...80B. https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/d7fb8c6e-886e-4c1d-9977-0cd6406fda20. 

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