Biology:Paralichthyidae
Large-tooth flounders or sand flounders are a family, Paralichthyidae, of flounders.[1][2] The family contains 14 genera with a total of about 110 species. They lie on the sea bed on their right side; both eyes are always on the left side of the head, while the Pleuronectidae usually (but not always) have their eyes on the right side of the head.[3]
They are found in temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.[4] Several species are important commercial and game fishes, notably the California halibut, Paralichthys californicus.
Taxonomy
The following genera are placed in this family:[5]
- Ancylopsetta
- Cephalopsetta
- Gastropsetta
- Hippoglossina
- Paralichthys
- Pseudorhombus
- Tarphops
- Tephrinectes
- Thysanopsetta
- Xystreurys
One extinct fossil genus is known in †Evesthes from the Late Miocene of California, USA.[6]
Phylogenetic analyses have long indicated the non-monophyly of this family,[7] and two lineages have been consistently apparent. Termed groups, the two groups were named after genera: a Cyclopsetta group and a Pseudorhombus group.[8] The "Cyclopsetta group" was formally described as Cyclopsettidae in 2019, consisting of four genera: Cyclopsetta, Etropus, Citharichthys, and Syacium.[8] Molecular phylogenetic evidence indicates that Paralichthyidae in this sense is sister to Pleuronectidae and Cyclopsettidae is sister to Bothidae.[9]
References
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedfishbase - ↑ Kells, V.; and Carpenter, K. (2011). A Field Guide to Coastal Fishes from Maine to Texas. ISBN 978-0-8018-9838-9
- ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Paralichthyidae Regan, 1910" (in en). https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=154168.
- ↑ "Paralichthyidae" World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-1-26.
- ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron; van der Laan, Richard, eds. "Genera in the family Paralichthyidae". California Academy of Sciences. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=genus&family=Paralichthyidae.
- ↑ California Academy of Sciences (1890). Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco : California Academy of Sciences. https://archive.org/details/occasionalpaper00calif/occasionalpaper00calif/page/158/mode/2up?q=Evesthes.
- ↑ Pardo, Belén G.; Machordom, Annie; Foresti, Fausto; Porto-Foresti, Fábio; Azevedo, Marisa F. C.; Bañon, Rafael; Sánchez, Laura; Martínez, Paulino (2005-12-30). "Phylogenetic analysis of flatfish (Order Pleuronectiformes) based on mitochondrial 16s rDNA sequences" (in en). Scientia Marina 69 (4): 531–543. doi:10.3989/scimar.2005.69n4531. ISSN 1886-8134. Bibcode: 2005ScMar..69..531P. http://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/282/282.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Campbell, Matthew A.; Chanet, Bruno; Chen, Jhen-Nien; Lee, Mao-Ying; Chen, Wei-Jen (September 2019). "Origins and relationships of the Pleuronectoidei: Molecular and morphological analysis of living and fossil taxa" (in en). Zoologica Scripta 48 (5): 640–656. doi:10.1111/zsc.12372. ISSN 0300-3256. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/zsc.12372.
- ↑ Berendzen, Peter B.; Dimmick, Walter Wheaton (August 2002). McEachran, J. D.. ed. "Phylogenetic Relationships of Pleuronectiformes Based on Molecular Evidence" (in en). Copeia 2002 (3): 642–652. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0642:PROPBO2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0045-8511. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1643/0045-8511%282002%29002%5B0642%3APROPBO%5D2.0.CO%3B2.
Template:Flatfish Wikidata ☰ Q1156541 entry
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