Biology:Pegivirus

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Pegivirus is a genus of single positive-stranded RNA viruses in the family Hepaciviridae.[1][2][3][4] The name is a derived one: "Pe" stands for "persistent" and "g" is a reference to Hepatitis G, a former name of the C species.

Pegivirus genome

Taxonomy

The use of deep sequencing technologies has identified additional viruses that differ from Pegivirus B species by >50% nucleotide (>55% amino acid) and Pegivirus C in rodents, horses, and in different bat species, and Old World monkeys and the number of Pegivirus species has been expanded to eleven.[5]

Revised taxonomy

The species known in 2016 have since then been classified into 11 species—Pegivirus A–K.[2][5]

In 2023, the species were renamed and given binomial names. They are listed hereafter, followed by their former names and viruses included in the species:[6][7]

  • Pegivirus caballi, previously called Pegivirus E, includes the virus Equine pegivirus
  • Pegivirus carolliae, previously called Pegivirus F, includes the virus Bat pegivirus
  • Pegivirus columbiaense, previously called Pegivirus H, includes the virus Human pegivirus 2
  • Pegivirus equi, previously called Pegivirus D, includes the virus Theiler’s disease-associated virus
  • Pegivirus hominis, previously called Pegivirus C, includes the virus GBV-C
  • Pegivirus neotomae, previously called Pegivirus J, includes the virus Rodent pegivirus
  • Pegivirus platyrrhini, previously called Pegivirus A, includes the virus GBV-A
  • Pegivirus pteropi, previously called Pegivirus B, includes the virus GBV-D
  • Pegivirus scotophili, previously called Pegivirus G, includes the virus Bat pegivirus
  • Pegivirus sturnirae, previously called Pegivirus I, includes the virus Bat pegivirus
  • Pegivirus suis, previously called Pegivirus K, includes the virus Porcine pegivirus

History

  • In 1967, experimental inoculation of serum from a thirty four year old surgeon (George Barker) with acute hepatitis into tamarins was reported to have resulted in hepatitis.[8]
  • In 1995, two new members of the family Flaviviridae (GBV-A and GBV-B) were identified in tamarins that developed hepatitis following inoculation with the 11th GB passage. A number of GBV-A variants were later identified in wild New World monkeys that were captured.
  • Subsequently in 1995, a human virus was identified [GBV-C or hepatitis G virus (HGV)].
  • A more distantly related virus (GBV-D) was later discovered in the bat (Pteropus giganteus).[9]
  • The genus Pegivirus was proposed in 2011.[3] GBV-B was assigned to the genus Hepacivirus,[2] whereas GBV-A together with GBV-C were assigned to the new genus Pegivirus.[2]
  • In 2016 the Pegivirus genus was divided into 11 species – pegiviruses A–K with GBV-C classified under pegivirus C species.[5]
  • In 2026, Pegivirus was reassigned to a new family, Hepaciviridae.[4]

Notes

  • Theiler's disease — a form of equine hepatitis — also appears to be caused by a pegivirus—Theiler disease–associated virus.[10]
  • Human hepegivirus 1 or Human Pegivirus 2 (HPgV2) is a virus isolated from 2 multiply transfused hemophiliacs and two transfused patients.[11] This virus appears to belong to a new clade in the Pegiviruses.
  • A related virus has been isolated from the graceful catshark (Proscyllium habereri).[12]
  • The human pegiviruses appear to be related to the nonhuman primate species.[13]
  • Researchers in 2019 described Human pegivirus-1 as a "cause of human encephalitis (Leukoencephalitis)"; as well as sexually and mother-to-child transmissible.[14]
  • Another virus—rodent pegavirus—has been isolated from the white throated woodrat (Neotoma albigula).[15]
  • A pegivirus (equine pegivirus) has also been isolated from a horse.[16]

References

  1. ↑ Simmonds, Peter; Becher, Paul; Bukh, Jens; Gould, Ernest A; Meyers, Gregor; Monath, Tom; Muerhoff, Scott; Pletnev, Alexander et al. (2017). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviviridae". Journal of General Virology 98 (1): 2–3. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000672. PMID 28218572. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "ICTV Report Flaviviridae". http://www.ictv.global/report/flaviviridae. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Stapleton, J. T; Foung, S; Muerhoff, A. S; Bukh, J; Simmonds, P (2010). "The GB viruses: A review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae". Journal of General Virology 92 (2): 233–46. doi:10.1099/vir.0.027490-0. PMID 21084497. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Taxon Details: Pegivirus". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202503139&taxon_name=Pegivirus. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Smith, Donald B; Becher, Paul; Bukh, Jens; Gould, Ernest A; Meyers, Gregor; Monath, Thomas; Muerhoff, A. Scott; Pletnev, Alexander et al. (2016). "Proposed update to the taxonomy of the genera Hepacivirus and Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae". Journal of General Virology 97 (11): 2894–2907. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000612. PMID 27692039. 
  6. ↑ "Virus Taxonomy: 2024 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. https://ictv.global/taxonomy. 
  7. ↑ "Rename one genus and all species in the family to comply with the ICTV-mandated binomial format (Amarillovirales: Flaviviridae)" (docx). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. 3 November 2022. https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/2022.007S.Flaviviridae_1genren_sprenamed.zip. 
  8. ↑ Deinhardt F, Holmes AW, Capps RB, Popper H (1967) Studies on the transmission of human viral hepatitis to marmoset monkeys. I. Transmission of disease, serial passages, and description of liver lesions. J Exp Med 125 (4) 673-688
  9. ↑ Epstein, Jonathan H; Quan, Phenix-Lan; Briese, Thomas; Street, Craig; Jabado, Omar; Conlan, Sean; Ali Khan, Shahneaz; Verdugo, Dawn et al. (2010). "Identification of GBV-D, a Novel GB-like Flavivirus from Old World Frugivorous Bats (Pteropus giganteus) in Bangladesh". PLOS Pathogens 6 (7). doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000972. PMID 20617167. 
  10. ↑ Chandriani, S; Skewes-Cox, P; Zhong, W; Ganem, D. E; Divers, T. J; Van Blaricum, A. J; Tennant, B. C; Kistler, A. L (2013). "Identification of a previously undescribed divergent virus from the Flaviviridae in an outbreak of equine serum hepatitis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (15): E1407–15. doi:10.1073/pnas.1219217110. PMID 23509292. Bibcode: 2013PNAS..110E1407C. 
  11. ↑ Kapoor, Amit; Kumar, Arvind; Simmonds, Peter; Bhuva, Nishit; Singh Chauhan, Lokendra; Lee, Bohyun; Sall, Amadou Alpha; Jin, Zhezhen et al. (2015). "Virome Analysis of Transfusion Recipients Reveals a Novel Human Virus That Shares Genomic Features with Hepaciviruses and Pegiviruses". mBio 6 (5). doi:10.1128/mBio.01466-15. PMID 26396247. 
  12. ↑ Shi, Mang; Lin, Xian-Dan; Vasilakis, Nikos; Tian, Jun-Hua; Li, Ci-Xiu; Chen, Liang-Jun; Eastwood, Gillian; Diao, Xiu-Nian et al. (2016). "Divergent Viruses Discovered in Arthropods and Vertebrates Revise the Evolutionary History of the Flaviviridae and Related Viruses". Journal of Virology 90 (2): 659–69. doi:10.1128/JVI.02036-15. PMID 26491167. 
  13. ↑ Thézé, Julien; Lowes, Sophia; Parker, Joe; Pybus, Oliver G (2015). "Evolutionary and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hepaciviruses and Pegiviruses". Genome Biology and Evolution 7 (11): 2996–3008. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv202. PMID 26494702. 
  14. ↑ "Scientists discover a hidden cause of encephalitis". https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-02-scientists-hidden-encephalitis.html. 
  15. ↑ Kapoor, A; Simmonds, P; Scheel, T. K. H; Hjelle, B; Cullen, J. M; Burbelo, P. D; Chauhan, L. V; Duraisamy, R et al. (2013). "Identification of Rodent Homologs of Hepatitis C Virus and Pegiviruses". mBio 4 (2). doi:10.1128/mBio.00216-13. PMID 23572554. 
  16. ↑ Kapoor, A; Simmonds, P; Cullen, J. M; Scheel, T. K. H; Medina, J. L; Giannitti, F; Nishiuchi, E; Brock, K. V et al. (2013). "Identification of a Pegivirus (GB Virus-Like Virus) That Infects Horses". Journal of Virology 87 (12): 7185–90. doi:10.1128/JVI.00324-13. PMID 23596285. 

Wikidata ☰ Q16917856 entry



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