Biology:Pelargonium graveolens

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Short description: Species of plant

Pelargonium graveolens
Rose Geranium.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Geraniales
Family: Geraniaceae
Genus: Pelargonium
Species:
P. graveolens
Binomial name
Pelargonium graveolens
L'Hér.[1]

Pelargonium graveolens is a Pelargonium species native to the Cape Provinces and the Northern Provinces of South Africa , Zimbabwe and Mozambique.[1]

Etymology

Pelargonium comes from the Greek πελαργός pelargos which means stork. Another name for pelargoniums is stork's-bills due to the shape of their fruit.[2][3] The specific epithet graveolens refers to the strong-smelling leaves.[4]

Description

Pelargonium graveolens is an erect, multi-branched shrub, that grows up to 1.5 m and has a spread of 1 m. The leaves are deeply incised, velvety and soft to the touch (due to glandular hairs). The flowers vary from pale pink to almost white and the plant flowers from August to January. The leaves may be strongly rose-scented, although the leaf shape and scent vary. Some plants are very strongly scented and others have little or no scent. Some leaves are deeply incised and others less so,[5] being slightly lobed like P. capitatum.

Common names and synonyms

Common names include rose geranium,[1][6] sweet scented geranium,[7] old fashion rose geranium,[6] and rose-scent geranium.[1]

Pelargonium graveolens is also known by taxonomic synonyms Geranium terebinthinaceum Cav. and Pelargonium terebinthinaceum (Cav.) Desf.[1] "Rose geranium" is sometimes used to refer to Pelargonium incrassatum (Andrews) Sims or its synonym Pelargonium roseum (Andrews) DC. – the herbal name.[8] Commercial vendors often list the source of geranium or rose geranium essential oil as Pelargonium graveolens, regardless of its botanical name.

Cultivars and hybrids

Many plants are cultivated under the species name "Pelargonium graveolens" but differ from wild specimens as they are of hybrid origin[1] (probably a cross between P. graveolens, P. capitatum and/or P. radens). There are many cultivars and they have a wide variety of scents, including rose, citrus, mint and cinnamon as well as various fruits.[9] Cultivars and hybrids include:

  • P. 'Graveolens' (or Pelargonium graveolens hort.) - A rose-scented cultivar; possibly a hybrid between P. graveolens and P. radens or P. capitatum.[10] This cultivar is often incorrectly labeled as Pelargonium graveolens (the species).[11] The main difference between the species and this cultivar is the dissection of the leaf.[12] The species' has about 5 lobes but the cultivar has about 10.
  • P. 'Citrosum' - A lemony, citronella-scented cultivar, similar to P. 'Graveolens'.[9] It is meant to repel mosquitos and rumour has it that it was made by genetically bonding genes from the citronella grass but this is highly unlikely.[13]
  • P. 'Cinnamon Rose' - A cinnamon-scented cultivar.[14]
  • P. 'Dr Westerlund' - A lemony rose-scented cultivar, similar to P. 'Graveolens'.[15]
  • P. 'Graveolens Bontrosai' - A genetically challenged form; the leaves are smaller and curl back on themselves and the flowers often do not open fully. Known as P. 'Colocho' in the US.[16]
  • P. 'Grey Lady Plymouth' [17]- A lemony rose-scented cultivar similar to P. 'Lady Plymouth'. The leaves are grey–green in colour.[18]
  • P. 'Lady Plymouth' - A minty lemony rose-scented cultivar. A very popular variety with a definite mint scent. Possibly a P. radens hybrid.[19]
  • P. 'Lara Starshine' - A lemony rose-scented cultivar, similar to P. 'Graveolens' but with more lemony scented leaves and reddish pink flowers. Bred by Australian plantsman Cliff Blackman.[20]
  • P. 'Lucaeflora' - A rose-scented variety, much more similar to the species that most other cultivars and varieties.[21]
  • P. × melissinum - The lemon balm pelargonium (lemon balm - Melissa officinalis). This is a hybrid between P. crispum and P. graveolens.[22]
  • P. 'Mint Rose' - A minty rose-scented cultivar similar to P. 'Lady Plymouth' but without the variegation of the leaves and lemony undertones.[23]
  • P. 'Secret Love' - An unusual eucalyptus-scented cultivar with pale pink flowers.[24]
  • P. 'Van Leeni' - A lemony rose-scented cultivar, similar to P. 'Graveolens' and P. 'Dr Westerlund'.[25]

Others known; Camphor Rose, Capri, Granelous and Little Gem.[17]

Uses

Both the true species and the cultivated plant may be called rose geranium[26] – pelargoniums are often called geraniums, as they fall within the plant family Geraniaceae, and were previously classified in the same genus. The common P. 'Graveolens' or P. 'Rosat' has great importance in the perfume industry. It is cultivated on a large scale and its foliage is distilled for its scent. Pelargonium distillates and absolutes, commonly known as "geranium oil", are sold for aromatherapy and massage therapy applications.[27] They are also sometimes used to supplement or adulterate more expensive rose oils. As a flavoring, the flowers and leaves are used in cakes, jams, jellies, ice creams, sorbets, salads, sugars,[28] and teas. In addition, it is used as a flavoring agent in some pipe tobaccos, being one of the characteristic "Lakeland scents."

Chemical constituents of geranium oil

Geranium (Pelargonium 'Graveolens') essential oil in a clear glass vial

A modern analysis listed the presence of over 50 organic compounds in the essential oil of P. graveolens from an Australian source.[29] Analyses of Indian geranium oils indicated a similar phytochemical profile,[30] and showed that the major constituents (in terms of % composition) were citronellol + nerol and geraniol.[31][32]

Gallery

  • The flower cluster of cultivated P. 'Graveolens'

  • A bee on a flower cluster of cultivated P. 'Graveolens'

  • At Ryton Organic Gardens, near Rugby, Warwickshire.

  • Pelargonium 'Graveolens' leaf

  • An adult Pelargonium 'Mint Rose' at Ryton Organic Gardens, near Rugby, Warwickshire

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Pelargonium graveolens | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = June 23, 2007 }}
  2. ↑ Dillenius 1732, De Geraniorum Differentiis.
  3. ↑ Boddy 2013, Introduction p. 11.
  4. ↑ J. D. Douglas and Merrill C. Tenney Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 1150, at Google Books
  5. ↑ S. L. Kochhar Economic Botany (2016), p. 597, at Google Books
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Pelargonium graveolens". Plants For A Future. Accessed June 23, 2007.
  7. ↑ USDA NCRS. "PLANTS Profile for Pelargonium graveolens (sweet scented geranium)". United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Natural Resources Conservation Service (NCRS), PLANTS Database. Accessed June 23, 2007.
  8. ↑ "Pelargonium incrassatum". Plants For A Future. Accessed June 23, 2007.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Pelargoniums: An Herb Society of America Guide". https://www.herbsociety.org/file_download/inline/2b2f9fc8-e827-446c-99da-1c1e8b6559d0. 
  10. ↑ Demarne, F.; Van Der Walt, J.J.A. (1989-04-01). "Origin of the rose-scented Pelargonium cultivar grown on Réunion Island" (in en). South African Journal of Botany 55 (2): 184–191. doi:10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31205-4. ISSN 0254-6299. 
  11. ↑ "Pelargonium graveolens Rose Geranium, Sweet scented geranium PFAF Plant Database". https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+graveolens. 
  12. ↑ "Plant Morphology - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/plant-morphology. 
  13. ↑ "Mosquito Repellent Plants" (in en). https://hortnews.extension.iastate.edu/1993/5-26-1993/plant.html. 
  14. ↑ Shoot. "Ocimum basilicum 'Cinnamon' Sweet basil Common basil Cinnamon basil Care Plant Varieties & Pruning Advice" (in en). http://www.shootgardening.co.uk/plant/ocimum-basilicum-cinnamon. 
  15. ↑ Varney, Bill (2012-05-29). "Scented Geranium" (in en-US). https://www.urbanherbal.com/scented-geranium/. 
  16. ↑ "Trichostema dichotomum (Blue Curls, Common Blue-curls, Forked Bluecurls) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/trichostema-dichotomum/. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Gary Allen The Herbalist in the Kitchen, p. 175, at Google Books
  18. ↑ "Scented Leaf Pelargoniums: All you need to know and more" (in en-US). 2021-10-11. https://maringarden.org/scented-leaf-pelargoniums-all-you-need-to-know-and-more/. 
  19. ↑ Bergman, Matthew E; Chávez, Ángel; Ferrer, Albert; Phillips, Michael A (2020-01-01). "Distinct metabolic pathways drive monoterpenoid biosynthesis in a natural population of Pelargonium graveolens". Journal of Experimental Botany 71 (1): 258–271. doi:10.1093/jxb/erz397. ISSN 0022-0957. PMID 31504760. 
  20. ↑ The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. LuEsther T. Mertz Library New York Botanical Garden. London : George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg. 1861. http://archive.org/details/journalofhorticu1873lond. 
  21. ↑ "15 Recommended Rose Varieties" (in en). https://www.thespruce.com/types-of-roses-4069722. 
  22. ↑ "Herbs in Southern Gardens | UGA Cooperative Extension". https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B1170&title=Herbs%20in%20Southern%20Gardens. 
  23. ↑ "GARDENING : Geraniums Make Perfect Scents" (in en-US). 1992-08-15. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-08-15-hm-4860-story.html. 
  24. ↑ no_name12 (2020-10-08). "Types of Eucalyptus Trees: Leaves, Flowers, Bark (Pictures)" (in en-US). https://leafyplace.com/eucalyptus-tree/. 
  25. ↑ "15 of the Best Scented Geranium Varieties | Gardener's Path" (in en-US). 2021-06-23. https://gardenerspath.com/plants/flowers/best-scented-geranium-varieties/. 
  26. ↑ "Geranium (Pelargonium) | San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants". https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/plants/geranium-pelargonium. 
  27. ↑ Georges M. Halpern and Peter Weverka The Healing Trail: Essential Oils of Madagascar (2003) at Google Books
  28. ↑ "Scented Geranium". The Epicentre. http://www.theepicentre.com/Spices/scentedgeranium.html. 
  29. ↑ R. A. Shellie and P. J. Marriott (2003). "Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil using rapid scanning quadrupole mass spectrometry." Analyst 128 879-883.
  30. ↑ Narnoliya, Lokesh Kumar; Jadaun, Jyoti Singh; Singh, Sudhir P. (2019-03-09). "The Phytochemical Composition, Biological Effects and Biotechnological Approaches to the Production of High-Value Essential Oil from Geranium". Essential Oil Research: 327–352. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16546-8_12. ISBN 978-3-030-16545-1. 
  31. ↑ N. Jain, K. K. Aggarwal, K. V. Syamasundar, S. K. Srivastava and S. Kumar (2001). "Essential oil composition of geranium (Pelargonium sp.) from the plains of Northern India." Flavour and Fragrance J. 16 44–46.
  32. ↑ R. Gupta, G. R. Mallavarapu, S. Banerjee and S. Kumar (2001). "Characteristics of an isomenthone-rich somaclonal mutant isolated in a geraniol-rich rose-scented geranium accession of Pelargonium graveolens." Flavour and Fragrance J. 16 319–324.

Wikidata ☰ Q164306 entry



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