Biology:Petiveria
| Petiveria | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Petiveriaceae |
| Genus: | Petiveria L. |
| Species: | P. alliacea
|
| Binomial name | |
| Petiveria alliacea L.[2]
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Mapa graveolens | |
Petiveria is a genus of flowering plants in the pigeonberry family, Petiveriaceae. The sole species it contains, Petiveria alliacea,[3] is native to Florida and the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas in the United States,[4] Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and tropical South America.[2] Introduced populations occur in Benin and Nigeria.[5] It is a deeply rooted herbaceous perennial shrub growing up to 1 m (3.3 ft) in height and has small greenish piccate flowers. The roots and leaves have a strong acrid, garlic-like odor which taints the milk and meat of animals that graze on it.[6]
Common names
It is known by a wide number of common names including: guinea henweed, guiné (pronounced [giˈnɛ]) in Brazil, anamu in the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Brazil, apacin in Guatemala, mucura in Peru, and guine in many other parts of Latin America, feuilles ave, herbe aux poules, petevere a odeur ail, and, in Trinidad, as mapurite (pronounced Ma-po-reete) and gully root,[7] and in Jamaica as guinea hen weed [8] and many others.
Description
Petiveria alliacea is a herbaceous shrub. Leaves are simple, alternate, pinnate in the first order and netted the second order. It has determinate inflorescences. Although the plant is capable of reproducing throughout the year, reproductive activity peaks during a portion of the year that is dependent on geography. For example, in Mexico this period is from September to October, while in Central America it is from July to January.
Range and habitat
This plant is native to the United States (southernmost Florida and Texas), the West Indies, Mexico, Central America and South America. In southern Florida it has been reported in disturbed areas, maritime, mesic, prairie and tropical hardwood hammocks and shell mound.[9] In Mexico, P. alliacea is widely present in corn, coffee and apple plantations.[10]
Uses
Petiveria alliacea is used as a bat and insect repellent.[11]
Phytochemistry
Petiveria alliacea has been found to contain a large number of biologically active chemicals including benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, benzyl 2-hydroxyethyl trisulphide, coumarin, isoarborinol, isoarborinol acetate, isoarborinol cinnamate, isothiocyanates, polyphenols, senfol, tannins, and trithiolaniacine.[12]
The plant's roots have also been shown to contain cysteine sulfoxide derivatives that are analogous to, but different from, those found in such plants as garlic and onion. For example, P. alliacea contains S-phenylmethyl-L-cysteine sulfoxides (petiveriins A and B)[13] and S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteines (6-hydroxyethiins A and B). These compounds serve as the precursors of several thiosulfinates such as S-(2-hydroxyethyl) 2-hydroxyethane)thiosulfinate, S-(2-hydroxylethyl) phenylmethanethiosulfinate, S-benzyl 2-hydroxyethane)thiosulfinate and S-benzyl phenylmethanethiosulfinate (petivericin).[14] All four of these thiosulfinates have been found to exhibit antimicrobial activity.[15] Petiveriin also serves as precursor to phenylmethanethial S-oxide, a lachrymatory agent structurally similar to syn-propanethial-S-oxide from onion,[16][17] but whose formation requires novel cysteine sulfoxide lyase and lachrymatory factor synthase enzymes differing from those found in onion.[18][19][20]
Domestic animals that consume P. alliacea can pass the garlic-like odor characteristic of the plant to their meat, eggs and milk. In addition, nitrates in the plant can cause toxicosis in cattle.[10]
References
- ↑ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.140010/Petiveria_alliacea.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Petiveria | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 2010-04-05 }}
- ↑ Carlquist, Sherwin (1998). "Wood and Stem Anatomy of Petiveria and Rivina (Caryophyllales); Systematic Implications". IAWA Journal 19 (4): 383–391. doi:10.1163/22941932-90000659.
- ↑ Mild, C (2004-06-26). "Smelly Weed Is Strong Medicine" (PDF). Rio Delta Wild. http://www.riodeltawild.com/JanJune2004/Petiveria%20alliacea.pdf.
- ↑ Schmelzer, GH; Gurib-Fakim, A (2008). Medicinal Plants. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. pp. 412–415. ISBN 978-90-5782-204-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=7FJqgQ3_tnUC.
- ↑ Johnson, L. 1999. Anamu: Petiveria Alliacea. 14 pages (paperback). Woodland Publishing. ISBN:1-58054-038-4 (In Spanish).
- ↑ Mendes J. 1986. Cote ce Cote la: Trinidad & Tobago Dictionary, Arima, Trinidad, p. 95.
- ↑ "New anti-cancer discovery from Guinea Hen Weed". Jamaica Observer. 2014-03-09. http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/New-anti-cancer-discovery-from-Guinea-Hen-Weed_16214248.
- ↑ "Petiveria alliacea L. Guinea hen weed". Floristic Inventory of South Florida Database Online. The Institute for Regional Conservation. http://regionalconservation.org/ircs/database/plants/PlantPage.asp?TXCODE=Petialli.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Petiveria alliacea (guinea hen weed)". Invasive Species Compendium. CABI. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/70236.
- ↑ Pérez-Leal, R.; García-Mateos, M. R.; Martínez-Vásquez, M.; Soto-Hernández, M. (2006). "Cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of Petiveria alliacea L.". Revista Chapingo. Serie Horticultura 12 (1): 51–56.
- ↑ "Petiveria alliacea". Medicinal Plants for Livestock. Cornell University Department of Animal Science. http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/medicinal/anamu.html.
- ↑ Kubec, R; Musah, RA (2001). "Cysteine sulfoxide derivatives in Petiveria alliacea". Phytochemistry 58: 981985. doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00304-1. http://www.rabimusah.com/pdfs/Cysteine%20Sulfoxide%20Derivatives%20in%20Petiveria%20Alliacea.pdf.
- ↑ Kubec, R; Kim, S; Musah, RA (2002). "S-Substituted cysteine derivatives and thiosulfinate formation in Petiveria alliacea--Part II". Phytochemistry 61: 675–680. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00328-X. http://www.rabimusah.com/pdfs/Cysteine%20S-Substituted%20Cysteine%20Derivatives_part%202.pdf.
- ↑ Kim, S; Kubec, R; Musah, RA (2006). "Antibacterial and antifungal activity of sulfur-containing compounds from Petiveria alliacea". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104: 188–192. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.072. PMID 16229980. http://www.rabimusah.com/pdfs/Antibacterial%20and%20Antifungal%20Activity.pdf.
- ↑ "The lachrymatory principle of Petiveria alliacea". Phytochemistry 63 (1): 37–40. 2003. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00759-8. PMID 12657295.
- ↑ "Applications of DART Mass Spectrometry in Allium Chemistry. (Z)-Butanethial S-Oxide and 1-Butenyl Thiosulfinates and their S-(E)-1-Butenylcysteine S-Oxide Precursor from Allium siculum". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58 (2): 1121–1128. 2010. doi:10.1021/jf903733e. PMID 20047275.
- ↑ "Discovery and characterization of a novel lachrymatory factor synthase in Petiveria alliacea and its influence on alliinase-mediated formation of biologically active organosulfur compounds". Plant Physiology 151 (3): 1294–1303. 2009. doi:10.1104/pp.109.142539. PMID 19692535.
- ↑ "Studies of a novel cysteine sulfoxide lyase from Petiveria alliacea: the first heteromeric alliinase.". Plant Physiology 151 (3): 1304–1316. 2009. doi:10.1104/pp.109.142430. PMID 19789290.
- ↑ "First insights into the mode of action of a "lachrymatory factor synthase"--implications for the mechanism of lachrymator formation in Petiveria alliacea, Allium cepa and Nectaroscordum species". Phytochemistry 72 (16): 1939–1946. 2011. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.07.013. PMID 21840558.
External links
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