Biology:Philtrum

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Philtrum
File:Baby mouth.jpg
Philtrum of a one-month-old baby
Dog philtrum.png
Philtrum of a dog (marked in red)
Details
PrecursorMedial nasal prominence[1]
Anatomical terminology

The philtrum (Latin: philtrum from Ancient Greek φίλτρον phíltron, lit. "love charm"[2]) or medial cleft is a vertical indentation in the middle area of the upper lip, common to therian mammals, extending in humans from the nasal septum to the tubercle of the upper lip. Together with a glandular rhinarium and slit-like nostrils, it is believed to constitute the primitive condition for at least therian mammals. Monotremes lack a philtrum, though this could be due to the specialised, beak-like jaws in living species.[3]

Function

In most mammals, the philtrum is a narrow groove that may carry dissolved odorants from the rhinarium or nose pad to the vomeronasal organ via ducts inside the mouth.[4]

For humans and most primates, the philtrum survives only as a vestigial medial depression between the nose and upper lip.[5]

The human philtrum, bordered by ridges, is also known as the infranasal depression, but has no apparent function. That may be because most higher primates rely more on vision than on smell.[4] Strepsirrhine primates, such as lemurs, still retain the philtrum and the rhinarium, unlike monkeys and apes.[6]

Development

In humans, the philtrum is formed where the nasomedial and maxillary processes meet during embryonic development. When these processes fail to fuse fully, a cleft lip may result.

Variation

thumb|Flattened philtrum seen on a 6-month-old baby with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) A flattened or smooth philtrum may be a symptom of fetal alcohol syndrome or Prader–Willi syndrome.[7][8]

A study of boys diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders found that a broader than average philtrum is one of a cluster of physical attributes associated with autism.[9]

Society and culture

In Jewish tradition, each embryo has an angel teaching it all of the wisdom in the world while it is in utero. The angel lightly taps the infant's upper lip before birth to prevent the infant from revealing the secrets of the universe; the infant then forgets the Torah it has been taught.[10] Some believers of the story speculate that this is the cause of the philtrum, but it does not have a basis in traditional Jewish texts.[11]

In Key Largo (1948), Frank McCloud (Humphrey Bogart) tells a fairy tale, saying that, before birth, the soul knows all the secrets of heaven, but at birth an angel presses a fingertip just above one's lip, which seals us to silence.[12] This is also cited in the Stephen King short story "Afterlife".

In the movie Mr. Nobody, unborn infants are said to have knowledge of all past and future events. As an unborn infant is about to be sent to its mother, the "Angels of Oblivion" lightly tap its upper lip, whereupon the unborn infant forgets everything it knows. The movie follows the life story of an infant whose lip had not been tapped.[13]

In the book Prince Ombra by Roderick MacLeish, the "cleft on our upper lips" is attributed to being hushed by a "cavern angel" just before we are born.[14]

In Philippine mythology, the enchanted creature diwata (or encantado) has smooth skin, with no wrinkles even at the joints, and no philtrum.[15]

In Les Misérables by Victor Hugo, translated by Isabel F. Hapgood, Fantine's philtrum is described thus, "in the very characteristic interval which separates the base of the nose from the upper lip, she had that imperceptible and charming fold, a mysterious sign of chastity, which makes Barberousse fall in love with a Diana found in the treasures of Iconia." Book Third—In The Year 1817, Chapter III—Four And Four.[16]

In Icelandic folklore, the huldufólk, or elfin "hidden people", may appear as normal humans but have a physical characteristic making them different: they have a convex rather than concave philtrum.[citation needed]

See also

This article uses anatomical terminology. For an overview, see Anatomical terminology.

References

  1. ↑ hednk-032—Embryo Images at University of North Carolina
  2. ↑ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "φίλτρον, τό, (φιλέω)". φίλτρον, τό, (φιλέω). Oxford: Clarendon Press. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*f%3Aentry+group%3D32%3Aentry%3Dfi%2Fltron. Retrieved April 13, 2017. 
  3. ↑ Wilfried Westheide, Gunde Rieger, Spezielle Zoologie. Teil 2: Wirbel- oder Schädeltiere, Springer-Verlag, 21/11/2014
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Rossie, James B.; Smith, Timothy D. (12 January 2007). "Ontogeny of the nasolacrimal duct in primates: functional and phylogenetic implications". Journal of Anatomy 210 (2): 195–208. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00682.x. PMID 17261140. 
  5. ↑ Hershkovitz, Philip (1977). Living New World monkeys (Platyrrhini): with an introduction to Primates. I. University of Chicago Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780226327884. https://books.google.com/books?id=mpGrXMuaJacC&q=philtrum+mammals+humans&pg=PR4. 
  6. ↑ Ankel-Simons, F. (2007). Primate Anatomy (3rd ed.). Academic Press. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-12-372576-9. 
  7. ↑ FAS Clinical
  8. ↑ Tran, Nhung T.; Lukefahr, James L. (2013). Evaluating the Medical Components of Childhood Development and Behavioral Disorders (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 54. ISBN 9780199845507. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox1wAgAAQBAJ&q=philtrum++symptom++%22fetal+alcohol%22+%22Prader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome%22&pg=PA54. 
  9. ↑ Aldridge, Kristina; George, Ian D; Cole, Kimberly K; Austin, Jordan R; Takahashi, T Nicole; Duan, Ye; Miles, Judith H (2011). "Facial phenotypes in subgroups of prepubertal boys with autism spectrum disorders are correlated with clinical phenotypes". Molecular Autism 2 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/2040-2392-2-15. PMID 21999758. 
  10. ↑ Schwartz, Howard, ed (1994). Gabriel's Palace: Jewish Mystical Tales. OUP USA. p. 57. ISBN 9780195093889. https://books.google.com/books?id=jglADPMFr8IC&q=lailah&pg=PA286. 
  11. ↑ Babylonian Talmud; Niddah 30b
  12. ↑ Socher, Abraham (June 22, 2015). "How Humphrey Bogart Came to Cite a Jewish Legend". http://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/2015/06/how-humphrey-bogart-came-to-cite-a-jewish-legend/?print. 
  13. ↑ "Mr. Nobody - Angels". YouTube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5MLaabdxvY. 
  14. ↑ MacLeish, Roderick. Prince Ombra, p. 4 (Macmillan, 2002).
  15. ↑ Bane, Theresa (4 September 2013). Encyclopedia of Fairies in World Folklore and Mythology. McFarland. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-4766-1242-3. 
  16. ↑ "Les Misérables". https://www.gutenberg.org/files/135/135-h/135-h.htm. 



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