Biology:Phyllidiopsis shireenae

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Short description: Species of gastropod

Phyllidiopsis shireenae
Phyllidiopsis shireenae
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Order: Nudibranchia
Suborder: Doridina
Superfamily: Phyllidioidea
Family: Phyllidiidae
Genus: Phyllidiopsis
Species:
P. shireenae
Binomial name
Phyllidiopsis shireenae
Brunckhorst, 1990

Phyllidiopsis shireenae is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Phyllidiidae of the order Doridida.[1][2][3] Its common names are Shireen’s Phyllidiopsis, Shireen’s Phyllidiopsis Sea Slug, Shirin Sea Slug, and Crested Wart Slug.[4]

It was first described by Brunckhorst in 1990 from specimens collected in the tropical western Pacific.[2] Like other members of the Phyllidiidae family, it is characterized by its firm, flattened body with raised dorsal tubercles, a lack of dorsal gills, an absent radula associated with sponge-feeding behavior, and brightly colored bodies.[3][5] The species can be distinguished from related taxa by its dorsal morphology and salmon pink rhinophore coloration.[2][3][6] P. shireenae is distributed across the Indo-Pacific region and is typically associated with coral reef habitats.[3][6][7]

Taxonomy

Phyllidiopsis shireenae was formally described by Brunckhorst (1990) as a part of a revision of the genus Phyllidiopsis,[3] a group of dorid nudibranchs characterized by their dorsal tubercles and reduced internal anatomy.[2][5] The species belongs to the phylum Mollusca and class Gastropoda, within the order Doridida, part of the superorder Nudipleura, and the family Phyllidiidae.[4] Members of this family are sponge-feeding nudibranchs that lack a radula and dorsal gills and instead use a specialized suctorial feeding apparatus.[3][2]

Recent taxonomic studies have confirmed the placement of P. shireenae within the genus Phyllidiopsis and identified which traits distinguish them from closely related species, including their mid-dorsal crest and rhinophore coloration.[3][2] Scientists have further confirmed the placement and history of P. shireenae through molecular phylogeny studies[8][9] and through examining their chemical ecology.[3][10] P. shireenae has been differentiated from other species both morphologically and phylogenetically.[8][9][2]

Description

File:Phyllidiopsis shireenae, pareja.jpg
Dorsal view of P. shireenae. Shows tubercles and coloration.

Phyllidiopsis shireenae exhibits the characteristic morphology of phyllidiid nudibranchs, with a firm, elongate body.[3][2] It is covered in rounded, angular tubercles on its dorsal surface, giving them the nickname Wart nudibranchs.[2] Their overall coloration can be pale pink, white, or grey.[2] They have dark colored markings and a bluish undertone.[2][5] The dark colored markings are usually black lines that run longitudinally along their bodies.[2] Their coloration and patterns can be used as a defense mechanism called aposematic signaling which warns predators of toxicity.[5]

File:Nudibranch Phyllidiopsis Shireenae (224662903).jpeg
P. shireenae rhinophores. Salmon-pink coloration.

P. shireenae has chemosensory organs including rhinophores and lamellate structures.[2] Rhinophores are the sensory organs located on a nudibranch’s head.[3][2] P. shireenae is distinguished from other species by the salmon-pink color of their rhinophores.[2] Their lamellate structures help them to detect food and mates, and to sense chemicals in their environment.[3][2] P. shireenae has a thick body and mantle and their ventral surface is adapted to support them crawling along reef substrates.[3][2] Phyllidiopsis shireenae is characterized by their high mid-dorsal crest.[2]

Like other members of Phyllidiidae, P. shireenae are specialized sponge-feeders which is why they lack a radula.[3][2] Instead, they feed on sponges using external digestion and suction with a specialized feeding apparatus and muscular pharynx.[3][2] They also lack dorsal gills.[3][2] Phyllidiidae are distinct from other dorid nudibranchs because they have secondary gill leaflets under the mantle.[2][3]

Distribution and habitat

File:Sea Slug (Phyllidiopsis shireenae) (6085703536).jpg
P. shireenae in coral reef habitat.

Phyllidiopsis shireenae is found in tropical regions in the Indo-Pacific.[2] There have been documented sightings in Indonesia, the Philippines, India, and East Africa.[6][7][3] Specifically, the species lives in coral reef ecosystems in tropical marine regions.[6] They have been recorded on reef substrates including sponges and bryozoans.[10][3]

P. shireenae has a varying depth range and can be found in shallow waters and subtidal zones as well as in moderately deep depths.[6][5][3] It is thought that their depth is dependent on environmental conditions and prey availability.[5] Phyllidiids are often found on or near sponges.[3][6]

Ecology

File:Phyllidiopsis shireenae, Bitung.jpg
P. shireenae on substrate with sponge prey.

Phyllidiopsis shireenae are spongivorous and have a specialized feeding method.[3][2] They feed on sponges, consistent with all Phyllidiids.[3] P. shireenae has a modified foregut and uses external digestion and suction to feed.[2] They release digestive fluids to soften the sponge and then suck the softened tissue which is pumped into their muscular pharynx.[2] This specialized feeding strategy contributes to nutrient cycling and benefits coral reef ecosystems.[5]

P. shireenae is considered to be an indicator of marine biodiversity in Indonesia and other regions.[6][11] High species diversity is crucial to ecotourism and ecological stability.[11][7] The species can be indicators of coral reef ecosystem health because of their sensitivity to changes in environmental conditions like pollution, temperature, and disturbances.[7][11]

Chemical ecology

File:Phyllidiopsis shireenae Mindoro.jpg
P. shireenae bright coloration.

Phyllidiopsis shireenae protect themselves by utilizing chemical defenses and bright coloration as deterrents.[10][3][5] Bioactive compounds can be produced from symbiotic microorganisms in sponges which P. shireenae and other species in the group can accumulate.[10][12][3] When P. shireenae and other members of Phyllidiidae feed on noxious sponges, they take in chemicals from them and store these compounds in their tissues.[10][3] They can modify these chemical compounds to use as defense, producing odorous secretions that can be lethal to crustaceans and fish.[3]

In addition to obtaining toxic compounds through feeding on sponges,[3] research has found that Phyllidiids can possess symbiotic bacteria that creates bioactive compounds which can be used for defense.[10][12] The symbiotic bacteria in Phyllidiopsis shireenae can help protect the organisms by making them toxic or foul-tasting to predators and helping to fight infections.[10][12]

Phyllidiids, including P. shireenae, also use their thick bodies as defense because they have a mass of spicules for support which makes it difficult for predators to eat them.[3][2]

Phyllidiopsis shireenae has a bright coloration, which serves as a warning to predators, a process called aposematic signaling.[5][2]

Phylogeny and evolution

Phylogeny studies have furthered the understanding of how species in Phyllidiidae are related and how they evolved using DNA.[8][9] Species in Phyllidiopsis can look similar, but DNA studies have clarified which species are closely related or not despite morphology.[8][9]

DNA studies including P. shireenae have confirmed where they belong in the phylogenetic tree.[9] Phylogeny studies have also clarified the evolutionary history of P. shireenae[8] and linked evolutionary relationships between P. shireenae and other species in Phyllidiopsis.[8][9]

Species in Phyllidiopsis evolved differently based on environmental factors which affect depth, prey, and coloration.[5][8][9] P. shireenae and other species in the genus use niche differentiation to avoid competition with close relatives.[5][8][9]

References

  1. ↑ Bouchet, P. (2010). Phyllidiopsis shireenae Brunckhorst, 1990. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=536717 on 2010-12-28
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 BRUNCKHORST, D.J. (1990-11-01). "DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PHYLLIDIOPSIS BERGH (NUDIBRANCHIA: DORIDOIDEA: PHYLLIDIIDAE) FROM THE TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC, WITH COMMENTS ON THE ATLANTIC SPECIES" (in en). Journal of Molluscan Studies 56 (4): 577–584. doi:10.1093/mollu. ISSN 0260-1230. https://academic.oup.com/mollus/article-abstract/56/4/577/1159761. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 Papu, Adelfia; Bogdanov, Alexander; Bara, Robert; Kehraus, Stefan; König, Gabriele M.; Yonow, Nathalie; Wägele, Heike (2022-09-01). "Phyllidiidae (Nudibranchia, Heterobranchia, Gastropoda): an integrative taxonomic approach including chemical analyses" (in en). Organisms Diversity & Evolution 22 (3): 585–629. doi:10.1007/s13127-021-00535-7. ISSN 1618-1077. Bibcode: 2022ODivE..22..585P. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-021-00535-7. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Phyllidiopsis shireenae Brunckhorst, 1990" (in en). https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=536717#:~:text=Phyllidiopsis%20shireenae%20Brunckhorst,%201990%20%C2%B7%20Biota%20%C2%B7,(Phylum)%20%C2%B7%20Gastropoda%20(Class)%20%C2%B7%20Heterobranchia%20(Subclass). 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 Valdés, Á. (2001-09-01). "Depth-related adaptations, speciation processes and evolution of color in the genus Phyllidiopsis (Mollusca: Nudibranchia)" (in en). Marine Biology 139 (3): 485–496. doi:10.1007/s002270100596. ISSN 1432-1793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270100596. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Undap, Nani; Papu, Adelfia; Schillo, Dorothee; Ijong, Frans Gruber; Kaligis, Fontje; Lepar, Meita; Hertzer, Cora; Böhringer, Nils et al. (2019-09-17). "First Survey of Heterobranch Sea Slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Island Sangihe, North Sulawesi, Indonesia" (in en). Diversity 11 (9): 170. doi:10.3390/d11090170. ISSN 1424-2818. Bibcode: 2019Diver..11..170U. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Sreeraj, C.R.; Rajan, P.T.; Raghuraman, R.; Raghunathan, C.; Rajkumar Rajan, R.; Immanuel, Titus; Ramakrishna (2010). "Recent Trends in Biodiversity of Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chapter-24". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377178581. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Ni, Gang; Li, Zhehao; Chen, Zhi; Yang, Chaojie; Zhang, Yajian; Zeng, Xiaoqi (2024-12-01). "Characterization and phylogenetic implications of the mitochondrial genomes of the Phyllidiidae (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia) from the South China Sea" (in en). Coral Reefs 43 (6): 1761–1773. doi:10.1007/s00338-024-02574-w. ISSN 1432-0975. Bibcode: 2024CorRe..43.1761N. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-024-02574-w. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Stoffels, Bart E. M. W.; van der Meij, Sancia E. T.; Hoeksema, Bert W.; van Alphen, Joris; van Alen, Theo; Meyers-Muñoz, Maria Angelica; de Voogd, Nicole J.; Tuti, Yosephine et al. (2016). "Phylogenetic relationships within the Phyllidiidae (Opisthobranchia, Nudibranchia)". ZooKeys (605): 1–35. doi:10.3897/zookeys.605.7136. ISSN 1313-2989. PMID 27551210. Bibcode: 2016ZooK..605....1S. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Kristiana, Rhesi; Bedoux, Gilles; Pals, Gerard; Mudianta, I. Wayan; Taupin, Laure; Marty, Christel; Asagabaldan, Meezan Ardhanu; Ayuningrum, Diah et al. (2020-01-02). "Bioactivity of compounds secreted by symbiont bacteria of Nudibranchs from Indonesia" (in en). PeerJ 8. doi:10.7717/peerj.8093. ISSN 2167-8359. PMID 31915568. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Ampou, Eghbert Elvan; Triyulianti, Iis; Pradisty, Novia Arinda; Widagti, Nuryani; Swastana, I. Gede Adi; Mariasa, I. Putu Mangku (2023). "Sea bunnies as a potential marine ecotourism in sumberkima, Buleleng Regency, Bali" (in en). E3S Web of Conferences 442: 01006. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202344201006. ISSN 2267-1242. Bibcode: 2023E3SWC.44201006A. https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2023/79/e3sconf_isffs2023_01006/e3sconf_isffs2023_01006.html. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Eisenbarth, Jan-Hendrik; Undap, Nani; Papu, Adelfia; Schillo, Dorothee; Dialao, Jobel; Reumschüssel, Sven; Kaligis, Fontje; Bara, Robert et al. (2018-12-04). "Marine Heterobranchia (Gastropoda, Mollusca) in Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia—A Follow-Up Diversity Study" (in en). Diversity 10 (4): 127. doi:10.3390/d10040127. ISSN 1424-2818. Bibcode: 2018Diver..10..127E. 
  • Brunckhorst, D.J. (1993) The systematics and phylogeny of Phyllidiid Nudibranchs (Doridoidea). Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 16: 1–107.

Wikidata ☰ Q3023226 entry



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