Biology:Physciaceae

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The Physciaceae are a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. A 2016 estimate placed 19 genera and 601 species in the family.[1]

Taxonomy

Physciaceae was formalised by Alexander Zahlbruckner in Adolf Engler's Syllabus (1898), with Physcia as the type genus. In a set of conservation proposals intended to stabilise long-used family names, Hawksworth and Eriksson (1988) recommended conserving Physciaceae against the earlier name Pyxinaceae (basionym: "trib." Pyxineae E.M.Fries, 1825), arguing that Pyxinaceae had not been taken up in standard works and that Physciaceae was firmly established in the literature. They characterised Physciaceae as one of the major families of the Lecanorales, then comprising about 20 genera and roughly 850 species, many of them familiar macrolichens.[2]

Hawksworth and Eriksson also noted historical alternatives that do not displace Physciaceae: Körber's "Anaptychiaceae" (attributed to Massalongo) proved to be a tribal-rank usage without a [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], so it was not validly published; had it been valid and pre-1898, it would likewise have required conservation of Physciaceae over that name.[2]

Description

The Physiaceae includes various growth forms such as foliose, fruticose, [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], stipitate, crustose, and even evanescent types (where certain parts, such as basal squamules, become less noticeable or disappear over time as other structures develop). Some members of this family may also be lichenicolous, meaning they grow on other lichens. These lichens can exhibit features such as [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], isidia, and soredia, or may lack them entirely.[3]

The upper [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] of Physiaceae lichens can be [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], or absent. Their photobiont, or the symbiotic algae living within the lichen, is typically a unicellular green alga from the genus Trebouxia, with a diameter ranging from 5 to 20 μm. The medulla can vary from poorly to well-developed or may even be absent, and it often contains lichen substances. The lower cortex can be prosoplectenchymatous, paraplectenchymatous, or absent, with the lower surface either possessing or lacking rhizines. A prothallus may be present or absent.[3]

Physiaceae lichens produce ascomata, which can be either apothecia or [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]. Their apothecia can be immersed, sessile, or short-stalked, with a more or less distinct exciple. The [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], when present, is generally round and ranges from flat to convex, displaying colours from brown to dark reddish-brown or black. A [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] may or may not be present, while the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] can be thin and weakly pigmented or well-developed and darkly pigmented.[3]

The [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] can be brown-black, brown, or green, while the hymenium is colourless or partly green, with or without oil droplets. The [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] can vary in colour from colourless to yellow-brown, brown, or dark brown. [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] are simple or sparingly branched in the uppermost part, with thickened apices often capped by a brown-pigmented layer. The asci are [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], typically with 8 spores (but sometimes as few as 2 or as many as 16) and a well-developed amyloid [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], a paler conical axial mass, and an ocular chamber.[3]

Ascospores in the Physiaceae have a single septum, olive to brown in colour, and ellipsoidal in shape, often displaying uneven wall thickenings. The conidiomata are [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], either immersed or superficial. [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] can be formed acrogenously or pleurogenously, and they can be ellipsoidal, [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], or [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]].[3]

Genera

This is a list of the genera contained within the Physciaceae, based on a 2020 review and summary of ascomycete classification;[4] as well as several genera that have been circumscribed or resurrected since then. Following the genus name is the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and the number of species:

Anaptychia ciliaris
Rinodina roscida

The genus Culbersonia, previously classified in the Physciaceae due to its morphological features, has been shown with molecular phylogenetics to belong to the Caliciaceae.[18]

References

  1. ↑ Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist 119 (4): 361–416. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hawksworth, D.L.; Eriksson, O. (1988). "Proposals to conserve or reject". Taxon 37 (1): 190–193. doi:10.2307/1220957. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Elix, John (2009). "Physciaceae". Flora of Australia. 57. Lichens 5. CSIRO Publishing. p. 494. ISBN 978-0-643-09665-3. 
  4. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. 
  5. ↑ Körber, Gustav Wihlem (1848) (in de). Grundriss der Kryptogamen-Kunde. Breslau: Ed. Trewendt. p. 87. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/54484034. 
  6. ↑ Esslinger, Theodore L. (1978). "Studies in the lichen family Physciaceae IV. Awasthia, a new genus from the Himalayas". The Bryologist 81 (3): 445–457. doi:10.2307/3242252. 
  7. ↑ Crespo, Ana; Blanco, Oscar; Llimona, Xavier; Ferencová, Zuzana L.; Hawksworth, David L. (2004). "Coscinocladium, an overlooked endemic and monotypic Mediterranean lichen genus of Physciaceae, reinstated by molecular phylogenetic analysis". Taxon 53 (2): 405–414. doi:10.2307/4135618. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A.; Jeong, M.-H.; Oh, S.-O.; Kondratiuk, A.S.; Farkas, E. et al. (2021). "Contributions to molecular phylogeny of lichen-forming fungi 2. Review of current monophyletic branches of the family Physciaceae". Acta Botanica Hungarica 63 (3–4): 351–390. doi:10.1556/034.63.2021.3-4.8. http://real.mtak.hu/143270/1/article-p351.pdf. 
  9. ↑ Kondratyuk, S.; Lőkös, L.; Kim, J.; Jeong, M.-H.; Kondratiuk, A.; Oh, S.-O.; Hur, J.-S. (2014). "Kashiwadia gen. nov. (Physciaceae, lichen-forming Ascomycota), proved by phylogenetic analysis of the Eastern Asian Physciaceae". Acta Botanica Hungarica 56 (3–4): 369–378. doi:10.1556/abot.56.2014.3-4.12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277924093. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Mongkolsuk, Pachara; Meesim, Sanya; Poengsungnoen, Vasun; Buaruang, Kawinnat; Schumm, Felix; Kalb, Klaus (2015). "The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand—II. Contributions to the genus Heterodermia sensu lato". Phytotaxa 235 (1): 1–66. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.235.1.1. 
  11. ↑ Mayrhofer, H.; Sheard, J.W.; Matzer, M. (1992). "Mobergia (Physciaceae, lichenized ascomycetes), a new genus endemic to western North America". The Bryologist 95 (4): 436–442. doi:10.2307/3243568. 
  12. ↑ Moberg, R. (1977). "The lichen genus Physcia and allied genera in Fennoscandia". Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 22 (1): 1–108 [29]. 
  13. ↑ von Schreber, J.C.D. (1791) (in la). Genera Plantarum (8th ed.). 
  14. ↑ Esslinger, T.L. (1986). "Studies in the lichen family Physciaceae. VII. The new genus Physciella". Mycologia 78 (1): 92–97. doi:10.2307/3793382. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0078/001/0092.htm. 
  15. ↑ Poelt, J. (1965). "Zur Systematik der Flechtenfamilie Physciaceae" (in de). Nova Hedwigia 9: 21–32. 
  16. ↑ Mayrhofer, H.; Poelt, J. (1978). "Rinodinella – eine neue Gattung der Flechtenfamilie Physciaceae" (in de). Hoppea Denkschrift der Regensburgischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 37: 89–105. 
  17. ↑ Østhagen, Haavard; Sunding, Per (1980). "Tornabea, nom. nov. for Tornabenia Trevisan (Lichenes), non Tornabenea Parlatore (Umbelliferae)". Taxon 29: 687–689. doi:10.2307/1220343. 
  18. ↑ Aptroot, André; Maphangwa, Khumbudzo Walter; Zedda, Luciana; Tekere, Memory; Alvarado, Pablo; Sipman, Harrie J.M. (2019). "The phylogenetic position of Culbersonia is in the Caliciaceae (lichenized ascomycetes)". The Lichenologist 51 (2): 187–191. doi:10.1017/S0024282919000033. 

Wikidata ☰ Q2072700 entry



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