Biology:Porocyphaceae

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The Porocyphaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Lichinales. Members of this family are typically small, dark-coloured lichens that form partnerships with cyanobacteria and grow on rocks, soil, or occasionally tree bark in well-lit areas that experience periodic wetting. The family was originally established in 1855 but was largely ignored until a 2024 study greatly expanded its scope to include genera previously placed in several other families. Porocyphaceae species are found worldwide, though they are uncommon in densely shaded forests.

Taxonomy

The name Porocyphaceae was originally established by Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1855 for Porocyphus.[1] Later authors did not adopt the family, and Porocyphus was usually classified in the family Ephebaceae. A 2024 multilocus phylogeny and [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] study by Prieto, Wedin, and Schultz reinstated and emended Porocyphaceae to cover a much larger clade, treating Heppiaceae, Ephebaceae and Pyrenopsidaceae as synonyms under Porocyphaceae. The same work set out the included genera and indicated that a few placements—such as Calotrichopsis, Gyrocollema, Pseudoheppia and Stromatella—are provisional pending further molecular data. The Lichina willeyi species group was transferred into Porocyphus.[2]

Description

Species of Porocyphaceae are usually small, dark (often blackish) cyanolichens. Thalli are commonly [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (with [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] and [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] intermingled) and mostly [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]; growth forms range from crustose to squamulose, foliose, dwarf-fruticose, filamentous and, rarely, [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]. Photobionts include single-celled cyanobacteria with yellow-brown or reddish-purple gelatinous sheaths as well as filamentous forms such as Nostoc, Scytonema, Stigonema and members of the Rivulariaceae.[2]

Ascomata are predominantly pycnoascocarps, i.e., the sexual structures develop from [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] formed beneath pycnidia. Apothecia, when present, may be [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] or [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] in form; a [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] is often developed. Asci are mainly [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] of the Lichina or Peccania types and are typically eight‑spored, though polyspory occurs; some taxa possess [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]-[[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] asci. Paraphyses are always present; ascospores are [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] and usually broadly ellipsoid. Conidiomata are pycnidia with simple conidiophores that produce small, simple conidia.[2]

In practice the family differs from Lichinaceae by its mostly pycnoascocarpous ascomata, from Phylliscaceae by lacking unitunicate‑rostrate asci and corticate, dorsiventrally stratified thalli, and from Lichinellaceae by lacking [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] and Lichinella-type asci.[2]

Habitat and distribution

Porocyphaceae is cosmopolitan but is scarce in dense, shaded forests without exposed rock or soil. Species occur on a wide variety of rocks (often seasonally or episodically wetted and in well-lit microhabitats), in amphibious or periodically inundated situations, and in biological soil crusts; a few are rarely corticolous. No secondary metabolites have been detected in Porocyphaceae species by thin-layer chromatography.[2]

Genera

Thyrea confusa

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Körber, G.W. (1855) (in la). Systema lichenum Germaniae. Breslau: Trewendt & Granier. pp. 400; 425. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44648713. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Prieto, M.; Wedin, M.; Schultz, M. (2024). "Phylogeny, evolution and a re-classification of the Lichinomycetes". Studies in Mycology 109: 595–655. doi:10.3114/sim.2024.109.09. PMID 39717657. 
  3. ↑ Vainio, E.A. (1890). "Étude sur la classification naturelle et la morphologie des Lichens du Brésil. Pars prima" (in la). Acta Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 7 (1): 1–247 [243]. 
  4. ↑ Nylander, W. (1885). "Addenda nova ad lichenographiam Europaeam" (in la). Revue de botanique; bulletin mensuel de la Société Française de Botanique 4: 345. https://books.google.com/books?id=FjVMAAAAYAAJ&q=Synalissina&pg=PA345. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Fries, E.M. (1825) (in la). Systema Orbis Vegetabilis. 1. Lundin: Typographia Academica. pp. 256; 302. https://archive.org/details/systemaorbisveg00friegoog/page/n268/mode/2up. 
  6. ↑ Vainio, E.A. (1929). "New species of lichens from Porto Rico. II". Mycologia 21 (1): 33–40. doi:10.1080/00275514.1929.12016930. 
  7. ↑ Massalongo, A. (1854) (in la). Geneacaena lichenum noviter proposita ac descripta. Verona: Typic Amanzinianis. pp. 7–8. https://archive.org/details/geneacaenaliche00mass/page/6/mode/2up. 
  8. ↑ Vainio, E.A. (1907). "Lichenes novi rarioresque" (in la). Hedwigia. IV 46: 168–181 [172]. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/422473. 
  9. ↑ Clements, F.E. (1909). The genera of Fungi. pp. 72; 174. 
  10. ↑ Zahlbruckner, A. (1903). "Neue Flechten" (in de). Annales Mycologici 1 (4): 354–361. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59685/0001/004/0354.htm. 
  11. ↑ Nylander, W. (1858) (in la). Synopsis Methodica Lichenum Omnium hucusque Cognitorum, Praemissa Introductione Lingua Gallica. 1. p. 97. 
  12. ↑ Henssen, A. (1989). "Metamelanea and Stromatella, new genera of Lichinaceae". The Lichenologist 21 (2): 101–118. doi:10.1017/s002428298900023x. Bibcode: 1989ThLic..21..101H. 
  13. ↑ Massalongo, A. (1856) (in la). Schedulae criticae in lichenes exsiccatos Italiae. Typis Antonellianis. p. 75. https://books.google.com/books?id=ustAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA75. 
  14. ↑ Díaz-Escandón, David; Hawksworth, David L.; Powell, Mark; Resl, Philipp; Spribille, Toby (2021). "The British chalk specialist Lecidea lichenicola auct. revealed as a new genus of Lichinomycetes". Fungal Biology 125 (7): 495–504. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2021.01.007. PMID 34140146. Bibcode: 2021FunB..125..495D. 

Wikidata ☰ Q136435415 entry



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