Biology:Probainognathia
Probainognathia is one of the two major subgroups of the clade Eucynodontia, the other being Cynognathia. The earliest forms were carnivorous and insectivorous, though some groups eventually also evolved herbivorous diets. The earliest and most basal probainognathian is the Middle Triassic (Anisian) aged Lumkuia, from South Africa, though probainognathians would not become prominent until the mid Norian stage of the Late Triassic.[1] Three groups survived the extinction at the end of Triassic: Tritheledontidae and Tritylodontidae, which both survived until the Jurassic—the latter even into the Cretaceous (Montirictus and Xenocretosuchus)—and Mammaliaformes, which includes the mammals.[2] Members of the group show the loss of the parietal eye at the top of the skull and the closure of the corresponding hole in the skull roof (pineal foramen).[3]
Phylogeny
Below is a cladogram from Ruta, Botha-Brink, Mitchell and Benton (2013) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships:[4]
| Eucynodontia |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cladogram from Stefanello et al. (2023):[5]
| Probainognathia |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
References
- ↑ Abdala, Fernando; Gaetano, Leandro C. (2018), Tanner, Lawrence H., ed., "The Late Triassic Record of Cynodonts: Time of Innovations in the Mammalian Lineage" (in en), The Late Triassic World (Cham: Springer International Publishing) 46: pp. 407–445, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_11, ISBN 978-3-319-68008-8, http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_11, retrieved 2021-05-24
- ↑ The slow and fast steps to becoming a mammal
- ↑ Benoit, Julien; Abdala, Fernando; Manger, Paul R.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2016-03-17). "The Sixth Sense in Mammalian Forerunners: Variability of the Parietal Foramen and the Evolution of the Pineal Eye in South African Permo-Triassic Eutheriodont Therapsids". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 (4): 777–789. doi:10.4202/app.00219.2015. ISSN 0567-7920.
- ↑ Ruta, M.; Botha-Brink, J.; Mitchell, S. A.; Benton, M. J. (2013). "The radiation of cynodonts and the ground plan of mammalian morphological diversity". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280 (1769). doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1865. PMID 23986112. Bibcode: 2013PBioS.28031865R.
- ↑ Stefanello, M.; Martinelli, A. G.; Müller, R. T.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; Kerber, L. (2023). "A complete skull of a stem mammal from the Late Triassic of Brazil illuminates the early evolution of prozostrodontian cynodonts". Journal of Mammalian Evolution 30 (2): 299–317. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09648-y.
Template:Cynodontia Wikidata ☰ Q950661 entry
 |  |
