Biology:Congoli

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Short description: Species of fish

Congoli
FMIB 45716 Pseudaphritis urvillii.jpeg
Waite, Edgar R. (1921) Illustrated Catalogue of the Fishes of South Australia. (Freshwater and Marine Image Bank).
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Suborder: Notothenioidei
Family: Pseudaphritidae
McCulloch, 1929[2]
Genus: Pseudaphritis
Castelnau, 1872[1]
Species:
P. urvillii
Binomial name
Pseudaphritis urvillii
(Valenciennes, 1832)
Synonyms[3]
  • Aphritis urvillii Valenciennes, 1832
  • Eleginus bursinus Cuvier, 1830
  • Pseudaphritis bursinus (Cuvier, 1830)

The congoli (Pseudaphritis urvillii), also known as the freshwater flathead, marble fish, marbled flathead, sand trout, sanding, sandy, sandy whiting or tupong.[4] is a species of marine ray-finned fish and it is the only species of fish in the monotypic family Pseudaphritidae and the genus Pseudaphritis. It was initially classified as a member of the family Bovichtidae.[5]

Taxonomy

The congoli was first formally described as Aphritis urvillii in 1832 by the French zoologist Achille Valenciennes but the name Aphritis was a junior synonym of the Diptera genus Aphritis named by Pierre André Latreille in 1805. The genus Pseudaphritis was described by the French zoologist Francis de La Porte Castelnau in 1872.[1] The family Pseudaphritidae was first named by the Australian ichthyologist Allan Riverstone McCulloch in 1929.[2] The Pseudaphritidae are the sister family of the Bovichtidae and Eleginopidae and these are all sister to the rest of the families in the Notothenioidei which have been placed in the suggested superfamily Cryonotothenioidea.[6] Pseudaphritidae is one of two families of the suborder Notothenioidei with a primarily non-Antarctic distribution, the other being Bovichtidae.[7] The congoli is the only species in its genus and family.[3]

The genus name Pseudoaphritis is a compound of pseudo which means “false” and aphritis, a name which dates back to Aristotle, who used it for a type of anchovy or whitebait. Valenciennes originally used Aphritis as the name of the genus but this name was unavailable as Pierre Andre Latreille had used it for a fly genus Aphritis in 1804. Lev Berg proposed a replacement name, Phricus but this was a synonym of Castelnau's earlier Pseudaphritis. the specific name honours the explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville, leader of the Astrolabe expedition (1826- 1829), in the course of which type was collected. Gerorges Cuvier's Eleginus bursinus is a senior synonym of Pseudaphritis urvillii but has been disregarded due to the prevailing usage of P. urvillii.[8]

Distribution and habitat

The congolli is found in fresh, brackish and marine waters around south-eastern Australia, including Tasmania, and is endemic to Australia. It lives mostly in slow-moving waters of estuaries, rivers and streams.[4] Water temperatures in its habitat range from 5 to 20 °C (41 to 68 °F). This fish will inhabit areas with log snags, overhanging banks, and leaf litter.[9]

Between late April and August, it migrates south to estuaries and sea to breed.[10][11]

In 2017, congolli were recorded in five rivers on Kangaroo Island in South Australia for the first time, thanks to a project conducted by Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (DEWNR) and carried out by a number of citizen science volunteers.[12]

Tupongs have made a recovery in the Glenelg River in south-western Victoria, after years of absence.[13]

Description

The congolli is a slender, mottled fish, with a silvery-white underside. Its head is slightly flattened, with eyes positioned towards the top and the snout is pointed. It has two separate dorsal fins.[4] The colour varies according to where it lives: it may be bluish, purplish or reddish-brown, marbled with greenish-brown above, and a yellowish white to silvery colour below. Juvenile fish have black saddles on their dorsal surfaces.[9]

The largest adult measured is about 36 centimetres (14 in) long. Usually, adults grow up to 17 centimetres (6.7 in) long.[10]

Diet

The congolli is a carnivorous ambush predator, and feeds on insects (especially in freshwater), fish, crustaceans (especially in estuaries), worms, molluscs, and other invertebrates.[9][10][11]

Behaviour

The congolli is an ambush predator that usually buries itself in the substrate.[10]

Reproduction

Congolli are catadromous – they live in freshwater habitats as adults, and migrate downstream to estuaries to spawn.[9] Adults migrate south to estuaries reproduce between late April and August.[10][11] The larvae are carried out to sea, and slowly move upstream as they grow; the larger adults live furthest upstream.[9]

Importance to humans

Aboriginal peoples living in the area used to eat Congolli, and the flesh is today considered "excellent eating". However the fish are rarely large enough and no longer important in commercial fishing, although once a minor part of lower Murray fisheries.[9]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron; van der Laan, Richard, eds. "Genera in the family Pseudaphritidae". California Academy of Sciences. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=genus&family=Pseudaphritidae. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer; Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268078514. Retrieved 9 September 2021. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2021). "Pseudaphritis urvilli" in FishBase. June 2021 version.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Pseudaphritis urvillii". 30 June 2020. https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/403. 
  5. ↑ Last, PR (2002). "Halaphritis platycephala (Notothenioidei: Bovichtidae): A New Genus and Species of Temperate Icefish from Southeastern Australia". Copeia 2002 (2): 433–440. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0433:hpnban2.0.co;2]. 
  6. ↑ Thomas J. Near; Ava Ghezelayagh; F. Patricio Ojeda; Alex Dornburg (2019). "Recent diversification in an ancient lineage of Notothenioid fishes (Bovichtus: Notothenioidei)". Polar Biology 42 (5): 943–952. doi:10.1007/s00300-019-02489-1. 
  7. ↑ Eastman, Joseph (1993). "Pseudaphritidae". Antarctic Fish Biology: Evolution in a Unique Environment. Academic Press Inc. San Diego, California. ISBN 978-0122281402. 
  8. ↑ Christopher Scharpf; Kenneth J. Lazara, eds (12 April 2021). "Order Perciformes: Suborder Notothenoididei: Families Bovichtidae, Pseaudaphritidae, Elegopinidae, Nototheniidae, Harpagiferidae, Artedidraconidae, Bathydraconidae, Channichthyidae and Percophidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. https://etyfish.org/perciformes7/. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 "Pseudaphritis urvillii". 1 July 2020. https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/403#moreinfo. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2015). "Pseudaphritis urvillii" in FishBase. January 2015 version.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Species: Pseudaphritis urvillii (Congolli)". https://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:f838e33f-0de7-4a4a-b7ba-cfd98a3b8222. 
  12. ↑ "Congolli (Pseudaphritis urvillii) discovered in five freshwater rivers across Kangaroo Island". 6 December 2017. http://mlssa.org.au/2017/12/06/27-congolli-have-been-discovered-in-five-freshwater-rivers-across-kangaroo-island-for-the-first-time/. 
  13. ↑ Johnson, Sian (24 February 2021). "Australian grayling found in Glenelg River after 'vanishing' a century ago". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-24/grayling-fish-re-emerges-glenelg-river-century-after-vanishing/13182958. 

Further reading

Wikidata ☰ {{{from}}} entry



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