Biology:Psittacara

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Psittacara is a genus of parakeets in the tribe Arini. Species of the genus are found in Central and South America, the Caribbean and one species reaching the southern United States. Until 2013, all the species were placed in the genus Aratinga. Many of the Psittacara species are kept in aviculture or as companion parrots, where they are commonly known as conures.

Taxonomy

The members of this genus were formerly placed in the genus Aratinga. Molecular phylogenetic studies had found that Aratinga was non-monophyletic so in order to create monophylectic genera James Van Remsen Jr. and collaborators proposed in 2013 that Aratinga should be split and a group of species moved to the resurrected genus Psittacara.[1] The genus had been introduced in 1825 by the Irish zoologist Nicholas Aylward Vigors with the white-eyed parakeet as the type species.[2][3]

Species

The genus contains 12 species including one which is now extinct:[4]

Genus Psittacara – Vigors, 1825 – twelve species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Green parakeet

Psittacara holochlorus
(Sclater, PL, 1859)

Two subspecies[4]
  • P. h. brewsteri (Nelson, 1928)
  • P. h. holochlorus (Sclater, PL, 1859)
  • P. h. rubritorquis (Sclater, PL, 1887)
Mexico (Nuevo León and Tamaulipas south to Veracruz)
Map of range 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


[5]

Socorro parakeet

Psittacara brevipes
(Lawrence, 1871) 		Socorro Island in the Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico[6] Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
Pacific parakeet

Psittacara strenuus
(Ridgway, 1915) 		southern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua.[4][5]
Map of range 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
Scarlet-fronted parakeet

Psittacara wagleri
(GR Gray, 1845)

Two subspecies[7]
  • P. w. wagleri (G.R. Gray, 1845)
  • P. w. transilis (J.L. Peters, 1927)
Colombia and Venezuela.[4]
Map of range 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 NT 


Cordilleran parakeet

Psittacara frontatus
(Cabanis, 1846)

Two subspecies[4][8]
  • P. f. frontatus (Cabanis, 1846)
  • P. f. minor (Carriker, 1933)
Eucador's Loja Province and south through most of western Peru[4] Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 NT 


Mitred parakeet

Psittacara mitratus
(Tschudi, 1844)

Three subspecies
  • P. m. chlorogenys (Arndt, 2006)[9]
  • P. m. mitratus (Tschudi, 1844)
  • P. m. tucumanus (Arndt, 2006)
Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru.[4]
Map of range 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Red-masked parakeet

Psittacara erythrogenys
Lesson, 1844 		Ecuador and Peru.[4]
Map of range 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 NT 



Finsch's parakeet

Psittacara finschi
(Salvin, 1871) 		Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama[4]
Map of range 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


White-eyed parakeet

Psittacara leucophthalmus
(Müller, PLS, 1776)

Three subspecies[10]
  • P. l. callogenys (Salvadori, 1891)
  • P. l. leucophthalmus (Müller, P.L.S., 1776)
  • P. l. nicefori (Meyer de Schauensee, 1946)
Trinidad and from eastern Venezuela east through the Guianas and south through Brazil into Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina, and Uruguay.[4]
Map of range 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Cuban parakeet

Psittacara euops
(Wagler, 1832) 		Cuba[4]
Map of range 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 VU 


Hispaniolan parakeet

Psittacara chloropterus
Souancé, 1856 		Dominican Republic and Haiti[4]
Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 VU 


[11]

† Puerto Rican parakeet


Psittacara maugei
(Souancé, 1856) 		Mona Island Size:

Habitat:

Diet: seeds, fruits, nuts and berries.[12] 		 EX 


Hypothetical species

  • † Guadeloupe parakeet (Psittacara labati)
    • Jean-Baptiste Labat described a population of small parrots living on Guadeloupe, which have been postulated to be a separate species based on little evidence. They were originally named Conurus labati, but no specimens or remains of these parrots exist. Their taxonomy may never be fully elucidated, and so their postulated status as a separate species is hypothetical.[13]

References

  1. ↑ Remsen Jr., J.V.; Schirtzinger, E.E.; Ferraroni, A.; Silveira, L.; Wright, T. (2013). "DNA-sequence data require revision of the parrot genus Aratinga (Aves: Psittacidae)". Zootaxa 3641 (3): 296–300. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3641.3.9. PMID 26287088. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236851895. 
  2. ↑ Vigors, Nicholas Aylward (1825). "Sketches in ornithology; or, Observations on the leading affinities of some of the more extensive groups of birds". Zoological Journal 2: 37-70, 182-197,368-405, 466-483 [388-389, 400]. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2255582. 
  3. ↑ The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. 2013. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-9568611-0-8. https://archive.org/details/howardmoorecompl0001howa/page/368/mode/1up. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds (February 2025). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 15.1. International Ornithologists' Union. https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 BirdLife International (2018). "Green Parakeet Psittacara holochlorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T62296899A132190435.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62296899/132190435. Retrieved 6 April 2023. 
  6. ↑ Collar, N., G. M. Kirwan, C. J. Sharpe, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Socorro Parakeet (Psittacara brevipes), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.grnpar2.01 retrieved April 5, 2023
  7. ↑ R. Terry Chesser, Kevin J. Burns, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., Douglas F. Stotz, and Kevin Winker. "Fifty-ninth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds". The Auk 2019, vol. 136:1-23 retrieved April 5, 2023
  8. ↑ HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
  9. ↑ Arndt, T. (2006). "A revision of the Aratinga mitrata complex, with the description of one new species, two new subspecies and species-level status of Aratinga alticola". Journal of Ornithology 147 (1): 73–86. doi:10.1007/s10336-005-0007-7. Bibcode: 2006JOrni.147...73A. 
  10. ↑ Remsen, James V.; Urantówka, Adam (2013). "Divide Aratinga into four genera". AOS South American Classification Committee. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop578.htm. 
  11. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Hispaniolan Parakeet Psittacara chloropterus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22685695A179413764.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22685695/179413764. Retrieved 9 April 2023. 
  12. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Psittacara chloropterus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22685695A179413764.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22685695/179413764. Retrieved 18 November 2021. 
  13. ↑ Fuller, Errol (1987). Extinct Birds. Penguin Books (England). p. 131. ISBN 0-670-81787-2. 

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