Biology:Ramalina

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Ramalina is a genus of greenish fruticose lichens that grow in the form of flattened, strap-like branches.[1]: 189  Members of the genus are commonly called strap lichens[1]: 189  or cartilage lichens.[2] Apothecia are lecanorine.[1]: 189 

It is in the family Ramalinaceae and in the suborder Lecanorineae.[3]

Description

The genus Ramalina consists of shrubby (fruticose) lichens that often appear tufted, ranging from erect to hanging ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) forms. The [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] of the thallus, which is the body of the lichen, typically emerge from a well-defined or more spread-out holdfast—a structure that anchors the lichen to its substrate. In rare cases, these lichens can be free-living, unattached to any surface. The branches within the thallus can vary from singular to many, and their branching pattern may be either regularly forked (dichotomous) or more irregular. These branches are commonly compressed and strap-shaped, although they can occasionally be rounded or symmetrical when viewed in cross-section. Some species may have channels, and a few can even develop window-like openings (fenestrations) or small, wart-like structures called [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]. In addition, the surface may be smooth or display ridges.[4]

The outer layer of the thallus, the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], is typically thin and sometimes indistinct. Beneath the cortex lies a well-developed, cylindrical layer of interwoven fungal filaments hyphae), which is absent in species like Ramalina lacera. The inner side of this layer is often invaded by the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], where the symbiotic algae reside. The algal partner in Ramalina lichens belongs to the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] group. The medulla, a loosely packed layer of hyphae beneath the photobiont, is usually airy and web-like ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) but can be denser or even absent in hollow branches.[4]

Soralia—structures that produce asexual reproductive granules—are commonly found in Ramalina species. These granules can sometimes resemble tiny isidia, which are small, vegetative reproductive outgrowths. The reproductive structures where sexual reproduction occurs ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]), are usually short-stalked and located at or near the tips of the branches, often on the curved sections. The apothecia may range from concave to flat or convex as they age, with [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] colours varying from pale yellow to pale green, brown, or pinkish-yellow, and sometimes covered with a white powdery coating ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]). The edge of the apothecium, called the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], is usually present and may persist or become almost unnoticeable over time.[4]

The asci, which are the spore-producing cells within the apothecia, are elongated and club-shaped, typically containing eight spores. These spores are one-septate, meaning they have a single division, and are broadly ellipsoidal or kidney-shaped, remaining colourless. Ramalina also produces asexual reproductive structures called [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], which are tiny, flask-shaped bodies with an opening (ostiole) that may be pale or darkened. The cells within these pycnidia that generate [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (asexual spores) are generally cylindrical, and the conidia themselves are rod-shaped, colourless, and without internal divisions (aseptate).[4]

Chemically, Ramalina lichens often contain usnic acid, a compound that gives them a yellowish-green hue, along with various other substances, including depsides, depsidones, and aliphatic compounds.[4] Lichen spot tests on the cortex are K−, C−, KC+ dark yellow, and P−.[1]: 189 

Photobionts

Studies of [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] diversity in Ramalina species have shown that they primarily associate with green algae from the genus Trebouxia. Research on Macaronesian Ramalina species found that they commonly partner with Trebouxia sp. TR9, which appears well-adapted to the higher temperatures and light intensities of these Atlantic islands. While multiple algal partners can coexist within a single lichen thallus, typically one photobiont species strongly dominates, accounting for over 90% of the algal cells present. The identity and relative abundance of photobionts appears to be more strongly influenced by geographic location and local climate than by the particular Ramalina species involved. This suggests that Ramalina fungi tend to associate with locally adapted photobionts rather than maintaining exclusive partnerships with specific algal species. Studies of R. farinacea have found that young thalli often contain more diverse algal communities compared to mature specimens, indicating that photobiont selection may be an ongoing process during lichen development.[5]

Distribution

The genus has a widespread distribution. A 2008 estimate placed more than 240 species in Ramalina.[6]

Species

  • R. ailaoshanensis S.Y.Guo & L.F.Han (2021)[7] – China
  • R. alisiosae Pérez-Vargas & Pérez-Ort. (2013)[8] – Canary Islands
  • R. americana Hale (1979) [1978][9] – North America
  • R. andina V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)[10] – Venezuela
  • R. arabum (Dill. ex Ach.) Meyen & Flot. (1843)
  • R. arsenii Sérus., van den Boom & Magain (2021)[11] – Europe
  • R. azorica Aptroot & F.Schumm (2008)[12] – Azores
  • R. australiensis Nyl. (1870)[13]
  • R. baltica Lettau (1912)
  • R. banzarensis C.W.Dodge (1948)
  • R. breviuscula (Nyl.) Nyl. (1872)
  • R. caespitella G.N.Stevens (1986)[14] – Australia
  • R. calcarata Krog & Swinscow (1974)[15] – East Africa
  • R. calicaris (L.) Röhl. (1813)
  • R. canalicularis (Nyl.) Kashiw. (2004)
  • R. canariensis J.Steiner (1904)[16]
  • R. cannonii Elix, Laily & Samsuddin (1991)[17] – Peninsular Malaysia
  • R. capitata (Ach.) Nyl. (1872)
  • R. carminae R.Arroyo & Seriñá (2011)
  • R. celastri (Spreng.) A.Massal. (1861)
  • R. chihuahuana Kashiw. & T.H.Nash (2002)[18] – Mexico
  • R. chiguarensis V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)[10] – Venezuela
  • R. chondrina J.Steiner (1904)[16]
  • R. cinereovirens Kashiw., K.H.Moon & J.E.Han (2021)[19] – South Korea
  • R. confirmata (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1930)
  • R. coreana Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2002)[20] – Southeast Asia
  • R. corymbosa (Hue) Kotlov (2004)
  • R. crispata V.Marcano & A. Morales (1994)[10] – Venezuela
  • R. cuspidata (Ach.) Nyl. (1870)
  • R. darwiniana Aptroot & Bungartz (2007)[21] – Galapagos
  • R. dilacerata (Hoffm.) Hoffm. (1825)
  • R. disparata Krog & Swinscow (1976)[22] – Africa
  • R. dissimilis Krog (2000)[23] – Tanzania
  • R. dumeticola Krog & Swinscow (1976)[22] – Africa
  • R. erumpens D.Blanchon, J.Braggins & A.Stewart (1996) – Australia, New Zealand
  • R. europaea Gasparyan, Sipman & Lücking (2017)[24] – Europe
  • R. exiguella Stirt. (1881)
  • R. exilis Asahina (1939)[25] – Japan
  • R. farinacea (L.) Ach. (1810)
  • R. fastigiata (Pers.) Ach. (1810)
  • R. fecunda Krog & Swinscow (1976)[22] – Africa
  • R. filicaulis G.N.Stevens (1987)[26] – Australia
  • R. fimbriata Krog & Swinscow (1974)[15] – East Africa
  • R. fissa (Müll.Arg.) Vain. (1900)
  • R. fragilis Aptroot & Bungartz (2007)[21] – Galapagos
  • R. fraxinea (L.) Ach. (1810)
  • R. furcellangulida Aptroot (2007)[21] – Galapagos
  • R. galapagoensis Follmann (1968)
  • R. gallowayi Kashiw., T.H.Nash & K.H.Moon (2007)
  • R. geniculatella Aptroot (2008)[27] – Saint Helena
  • R. glaucescens Kremp. (1881)
  • R. gloriosensis R.Poncet (2021)[28] – Scattered Islands
  • R. hengduanshanensis S.O.Oh & Li S.Wang (2014)
  • R. hivertiana R.Poncet (2021)[28] – Scattered Islands
  • R. hoehneliana Müll.Arg. (1890)
  • R. hyrcana Sipman (2011)
  • R. inclinata Kashiw., K.H.Moon & M.J.Lai (2006)
  • R. inflata (Hook.f. & Taylor) Hook.f. & Taylor (1845)
  • R. inflexa D.Blanchon, J.Braggins & A.Stewart (1996) – New Zealand
  • R. intermedia (Delise ex Nyl.) Nyl. (1873)
  • R. intestiniformis Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2016)[29] – Korea
  • R. ketner-oostrae Aptroot (2008)[27] – Saint Helena
  • R. krogiae Guissard & Sérus. (2020)[30] – Canary Islands
  • R. labiosorediata Gasparyan, Sipman & Lücking (2017)[24] – North America
  • R. lacera (With.) J.R.Laundon (1984)
  • R. leiodea (Nyl.) Nyl. (1888)
  • R. leptocarpha Tuck., 1858
  • R. litorea G.N.Stevens (1986)[14]
  • R. lopezii V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)[10] – Venezuela
  • R. luciae Molho, Bodo, W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb. (1981)
  • R. mahoneyi Quedensley & M.Véliz (2011)
  • R. maritima Krog & Swinscow (1976)[22] – Africa
  • R. marteaui R.Poncet (2021)[28] – Scattered Islands
  • R. menziesii Taylor (1847)
  • R. meridionalis Blanchon & Bannister (2002)[31] – Australia, New Zealand
  • R. microphylla V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)[10] – Venezuela
  • R. nervulosa (Müll.Arg.) Abbayes (1952)
  • R. obtusata (Arnold) Bitter (1901)
  • R. osorioi Kashiw., T.H.Nash & K.H.Moon (2007)[32]
  • R. ovalis Hook. f. & Taylor (1844) – Africa, Australia, New Zealand
  • R. pacifica Asahina (1939)[25] – Japan
  • R. panizzei De Not. (1846)[33]
  • R. peruviana Ach. (1810)
  • R. pollinaria (Westr.) Ach. (1810)
  • R. polyforma Aptroot (2007)[21] – Galapagos
  • R. polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach. (1810)
  • R. portuensis Samp. (1924)
  • R. psoromica Kashiw. & T.H.Nash (2002)[18] – Mexico
  • R. qinlingensis S.Y.Guo & L.F.Han (2021)[7] – China
  • R. quercicola Kashiw. & T.H.Nash (2004)
  • R. reducta Krog & Swinscow (1976)[22] – Africa
  • R. reptans Kashiw., C.W.Sm. & K.H.Moon (2002)[34] – Hawaii
  • R. rigidella Aptroot (2008)[27] – Saint Helena
  • R. riparia D.Blanchon, J.Braggins & A.Stewart (1996) – New Zealand
  • R. ryukyuensis Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2017)[35] – Japan
  • R. sanctae-helenae Aptroot (2008)[27] – Saint Helena
  • R. santanensis V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)[10] – Venezuela
  • R. sarahae K.Knudsen, Lendemer & Kocouk. (2018)[36] – Channel Islands (California)
  • R. seawardii Aptroot & Sipman (2001)[37] – Hong Kong
  • R. sideriza Zahlbr. (1911)
  • R. siliquosa (Huds.) A.L.Sm. (1918)
  • R. sphaerophora Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2016)[29] – Korea
  • R. stevensiae Elix, Laily & Samsuddin (1991)[17] – Norfolk Island
  • R. stoffersii Sipman (2011)[38]
  • R. subdecumbens Kashiw., K.H.Moon & J.E.Han (2021)[19] – South Korea
  • R. subfarinacea (Nyl. ex Cromb.) Nyl. (1872)
  • R. subfraxinea Nyl. (1870)
  • R. subrotunda Kashiw., C.W.Sm. & K.H.Moon (2002)[34] – Hawaii
  • R. tapperii Krog & Swinscow (1974)[15] – East Africa
  • R. tenella Müll.Arg. (1879)
  • R. tenuissima V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)[10] – Venezuela
  • R. throwerae Aptroot & Sipman (2001)[37] – Hong Kong
  • R. tovarensis V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)[10] – Venezuela
  • R. translucida Krog & Swinscow (1974)[15] – East Africa
  • R. tropica G.N.Stevens (1987)[26] – Australia
  • R. unilateralis F.Wilson (1889)
  • R. usnea (L.) R.Howe (1914)
  • R. whinrayi G.N.Stevens (1986)[14] – Australia
  • R. wirthii Aptroot & Schumm (2008)[12] – Azores
  • R. yokotae Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2017)[35] – Japan
  • R. zollingeri Szatala (1937)[39]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2
  2. ↑ "Ramalina". Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/pages/16377/overview. 
  3. ↑ C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004) ISBN 0-471-52229-5
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Cannon, P.; Ekman, S.; Kistenich, S.; LaGreca, S.; Printzen, C.; Timdal, E.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B. et al. (2021). Lecanorales: Ramalinaceae including the genera Bacidia, Bacidina, Bellicidia, Biatora, Bibbya, Bilimbia, Cliostomum, Kiliasia, Lecania, Megalaria, Mycobilimbia, Phyllopsora, Ramalina, Scutula, Thalloidima, Toninia, Toniniopsis and Tylothallia. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. 11. British Lichen Society. pp. 50–51. https://www.britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/www.britishlichensociety.org.uk/files/Ramalinaceae.pdf.  open access
  5. ↑ Blázquez, Miguel; Hernández-Moreno, Lucía S.; Gasulla, Francisco; Pérez-Vargas, Israel; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio (2022). "The role of photobionts as drivers of diversification in an island radiation of lichen-forming fungi". Frontiers in Microbiology 12. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.784182. PMID 35046912. 
  6. ↑ Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 2008. p. 591. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Zhang, Huan-Bing; Liu, Yu-Jie; Guo, Shou-Yu; Han, Liu-Fu (2021). "Two new lichen species of the genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) from China". The Bryologist 124 (2): 162–171. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-124.1.162. 
  8. ↑ Pérez-Vargas, Israel (2014). "A new endemic Ramalina species from the Canary Islands (Ascomycota, Lecanorales)". Phytotaxa 159 (4): 269–278. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.159.4.3. Bibcode: 2014Phytx.159..269P. 
  9. ↑ Hale, Mason E. (1978). "A new species of Ramalina from North America (Lichenes: Ramalinaceae)". The Bryologist 81 (4): 599–602. doi:10.2307/3242352. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Marcano, Vicente; Méndez, Antonio Morales; Mendez, Antonio Morales (1994). "New species of Ramalina from Venezuela". The Bryologist 97 (1): 26–33. doi:10.2307/3243345. 
  11. ↑ Sérusiaux, Emmanuël; van den Boom, Pieter; Magain, Nicolas (2021). "Ramalina arsenii, an additional new species in the R. pollinaria group in Western Europe". The Lichenologist 53 (6): 433–439. doi:10.1017/s0024282921000372. Bibcode: 2021ThLic..53..433S. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Aptroot, A.; Schumm, F. (2008). "Key to Ramalina species known from Atlantic islands, with two new species from the Azores". Sauteria 15: 21–57. 
  13. ↑ Nylander, W. (1870). "Recognitio monographica Ramalinarum" (in la). Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie 4: 120. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Stevens, G. Nell (1986). "Three new saxicolous Ramalinae from Australia". The Lichenologist 18 (2): 183–189. doi:10.1017/s0024282986000233. Bibcode: 1986ThLic..18..183S. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Swinscow, T.D.V.; Krog, H. (1974). "Ramalina species with a hollow thallus (Fistularia) in East Africa". Norwegian Journal of Botany 21: 111–124. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Steiner, J. (1904). "Flechten, auf Madeira und den Kanaren gesammelt von J. Bornmüller in den Jahren 1900 und 1901 (Fortsetzung)" (in de). Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 54 (10): 351–365. doi:10.1007/BF01673048. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Elix, J.A.; Din, L.B.; Samsudin, M.W.B. (1991). "New species of Ramalina (lichenized Ascomycotina) from Australasia and Malaysia". Mycotaxon 40: 41–44. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Kashiwadani, H.; Nash, T.H. III (2002). "New species of the genus Ramalina (Ascomycotina: Ramalinaceae) from the Sonoran Desert, Mexico". Mycotaxon 83: 385–389. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Kashiwadani, H.; Moon, K.H.; Han, J.E. (2021). "Ramalina cinereovirens and R. subdecumbens (Ramalinaceae, Ascomycotina), two new species from Korea". Journal of Japanese Botany 96 (2): 74–83. 
  20. ↑ Kashiwadani, H.; Moon, K.H. (2002). "A new or interesting species of the genus Ramalina (Ascomycotina:Ramalinaceae) from Korea and Japan". Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo 28 (1): 1–6. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Aptroot, A.; Bungartz, F. (2007). "The lichen genus Ramalina on the Galapagos". The Lichenologist 39 (6): 519–542. doi:10.1017/s0024282907006901. Bibcode: 2007ThLic..39..519A. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Krog, H.; Swinscow, T.D.V. (1976). "The genus Ramalina in East Africa". Norwegian Journal of Botany 23 (3): 153–175. 
  23. ↑ Krog, H. (2000). "Corticolous macrolichens of low montane rainforests and moist woodlands of eastern Tanzania". Sommerfeltia 28: 1–75. doi:10.2478/som-2000-0001. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Gasparyan, Arsen; Sipman, Harrie J. M.; Lücking, Robert (2017). "Ramalina europaea and R. labiosorediata, two new species of the R. pollinaria group (Ascomycota:Ramalinaceae), and new typifications for Lichen pollinarius and L. squarrosus". The Lichenologist 49 (4): 301–319. doi:10.1017/s0024282917000226. Bibcode: 2017ThLic..49..301G. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Asahina, Y. (1939). "Ramalina-Arten aus Japan (II)" (in de). Journal of Japanese Botany 15: 205–223. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Stevens, G.N. (1987). "The lichen genus Ramalina in Australia". Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History 16: 107–223. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Aptroot, A. (2008). "Lichens of St Helena and Ascension Island". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 147–171. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00797.x. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Poncet, Rémy; Lohézic-Le Dévéhat, Françoise; Ferron, Solenn; Hivert, Jean; Fontaine, Christian; Picot, Frédéric; Bidault, Ehoarn; Kervran, Lionel (2021). "The genus Ramalina (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) from the Scattered Islands (French Southern and Antarctic Lands), with descriptions of three new species". Plant and Fungal Systematics 66 (2): 211–224. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2021-0019. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Moon, K.H.; Ahn, C.; Han, J.E.; Kashiwadani, H. (2016). "Two new species of Ramalina (Ascomycotina: Ramalinaceae) from Korea". Journal of Japanese Botany 91 (Suppl.): 376–387. 
  30. ↑ Spjut, Richard; Simon, Antoine; Guissard, Martin; Magain, Nicolas; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël (2020). "The fruticose genera in the Ramalinaceae (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes): their diversity and evolutionary history". MycoKeys (73): 1–68. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.73.47287. PMID 32994702. 
  31. ↑ Blanchon, D.J.; Bannister, J. (2002). "Ramalina meridionalis, a new species from New Zealand, Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island". Australasian Lichenology 51: 17–19. 
  32. ↑ Kashiwadani, H.; Nash, T.H.; Moon, K.H. (2007). "Two new species of the genus Ramalina (Ascomycotina: Ramalinaceae) from South America". Bibliotheca Lichenologica 95: 335–340. 
  33. ↑ De Notaris, G. (1846). "Frammenti lichenografici di un lavoro inedito" (in it). Giornale Botanico Italiano 2 (1): 211. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Kashiwadani, H.; Smith, C.W.; Moon (2002). "New Species of Ramalina (Ascomycotina, Ramalinaceae) from the Hawaiian Islands". Journal of Japanese Botany 77 (6): 351–355. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Kashiwadani, H.; Moon, K.H. (2017). "Two new species of Ramalina (Ascomycotina: Ramalinaceae) from the Nansei Islands, Japan". Journal of Japanese Botany 92 (1): 27–33. 
  36. ↑ Knudsen, Kerry; Lendemer, James C.; Kocourková, Jana (2018). "Ramalina sarahae (Ramalinaceae), a new species from the Channel Islands of California, U.S.A.". The Bryologist 121 (4): 513–519. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-121.4.513. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Aptroot, A.; Sipman, H.J.M. (2001). "New Hong Kong lichens, ascomycetes and lichenicolous fungi". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 91: 317–343. 
  38. ↑ Lumbsch, H.T.; Ahti, T.; Altermann, S.; De Paz, G.A.; Aptroot, A.; Arup, U. et al. (2011). "One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity". Phytotaxa 18 (1): 9–11. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1. Bibcode: 2011Phytx..18....1L. http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/p00018p127f.pdf. 
  39. ↑ Szatala, O. (1937). "Ramalinae nonnullae". Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 42 (16–20): 225–228. doi:10.1002/fedr.19370421602. 

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Wikidata ☰ Q662144 entry



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