Biology:Relicina

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Relicina is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. It contains 60 species.[1]

Taxonomy

Relicina was originally conceived as a series of the large genus Parmelia by lichenologists Mason Hale and Syo Kurokawa in 1964. A decade later, they promoted it to the status of genus.[2]

The genus Relicinopsis, proposed by Australian lichenologists John Elix and Doug Verdon in 1986 as a segregate of Pseudoparmelia,[3] was shown to be nested within Relicina in a 2017 molecular phylogenetics study.[4]

Description

Relicina lichens have a leaf-like (foliose) body (thallus) with flat, two-sided [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] that are typically attached by a somewhat swollen, bulbous base. The edge of each lobe is lined with short, black, hair-like structures called [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]. The upper surface is generally yellow to yellow-green and may sometimes show small spots; it lacks the typical hairs and minute pores (pseudocyphellae) seen in some other lichens. Instead, the surface is covered by a continuous, pored layer (the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]). On the underside, the color ranges from pale brown to black, and it bears simple or branched, root-like structures (rhizines) that extend to the edges, helping secure the lichen to its substrate.[5]

The lichen's photosynthetic partner is a green alga similar to those in the genus Trebouxia. Reproduction occurs through apothecia, which are open, disc-like fruiting bodies located on the surface of the lobes. These apothecia have a margin that resembles the thallus (a condition described as [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) and display a solid, uninterrupted [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] that ranges in color from pale to dark red-brown. The disc lacks a powdery coating ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) and is surrounded by a cup-shaped layer. The thallus-like margin is smooth or slightly scalloped and is often fringed with [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] at its base; in some cases, this edge appears almost crown-like due to the influence of swollen and bulbous pycnidia.[5]

Inside the apothecia, delicate filament-like cells called paraphyses are present; these are about 2–3 μm thick, mostly straight, and only lightly branched, with their tips being brown, rounded, and slightly expanded. The spore-bearing sacs, or asci, typically contain eight spores each. Each ascus features a well-developed, iodine-reactive (amyloid) zone known as the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] that is pierced by a narrow, non-reactive central strand with parallel sides; there is no distinct ocular chamber. The resulting sexual spores are [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] in structure, translucent (hyaline), ellipsoid in shape, and have walls about 0.5 μm thick.[5]

In addition to these sexual structures, Relicina produces asexual fruiting bodies known as pycnidia. These are embedded in the lichen's surface ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] and [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) and often appear somewhat swollen. They release conidia—small, asexual spores—that can be spindle-shaped ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) or more uniformly cylindrical to [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]].[5]

Chemically, members of the genus Relicina contain usnic acid along with various other secondary metabolites such as depsidones, depsides, or fatty acids.[5]

Species

  • Relicina abstrusa (Vain.) Hale (1974)[2]
  • Relicina amphithrix Hale (1975)[6]
  • Relicina barringtonensis Elix (1998)[7]
  • Relicina circumnodata (Nyl.) Hale (1974)[2]
  • Relicina clarkensis Elix & J.Johnst. (1990)[8]
  • Relicina colombiana Elix & Sipman (2011)[9]
  • Relicina conglutinata Elix & J.Johnst. (1986)[10]
  • Relicina connivens (Kurok.) Hale (1974)[2]
  • Relicina dahlii (Hale) Kirika, Divakar & Lumbsch (2017)[4]
  • Relicina demethylbarbatica Elix & J.Johnst. (1986)[10]
  • Relicina dentata Elix (1996)[11]
  • Relicina diederichii Elix (2007)[12]
  • Relicina eumorpha Hale (1974)[2]
  • Relicina filsonii Elix & J.Johnst. (1986)[10]
  • Relicina intertexta (Mont. & Bosch) Kirika, Divakar & Lumbsch (2017)[4]
  • Relicina kurandensis Elix (1996)[11]
  • Relicina limbata (Laurer) Hale (1974)[2]
  • Relicina malaccensis (Nyl.) Kirika, Divakar & Lumbsch (2017)[4]
  • Relicina planiuscula (Kurok.) Hale (1974)[2]
  • Relicina polycarpa Elix & Polyiam (2003)[13]
  • Relicina rahengensis (Vain.) Kirika, Divakar & Lumbsch (2017)
  • Relicina ramboldii Elix & J.Johnst. (1988)[14]
  • Relicina ramosissima (Kurok.) Hale (1974)[2]
  • Relicina relicinula (Müll. Arg.) Hale (1975)[6]
  • Relicina samoensis (Zahlbr.) Hale (1974)[2]
  • Relicina schizospatha (Kurok.) Hale (1974)[2]
  • Relicina stevensiae (Elix & J.Johnst.) Kirika, Divakar & Lumbsch (2017)[4]
  • Relicina subabstrusa (Gyeln.) Hale (1974)[2]
  • Relicina subcoronata Elix & J.Johnst. (1990)[8]
  • Relicina sublanea (Kurok.) Hale (1974)[2]
  • Relicina subnigra Elix & J.Johnst. (1988)[14]
  • Relicina sydneyensis (Gyeln.) Hale (1974)[2]
  • Relicina terricrocodila Elix & J.Johnst. (1988)[14]

References

  1. ↑ Hyde, K.D.; Noorabadi, M.T.; Thiyagaraja, V.; He, M.Q.; Johnston, P.R.; Wijesinghe, S.N. et al. (2024). "The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere 15 (1): 5146–6239 [5253]. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/15/1/25. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385939154. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 Hale, Mason E. (1974). "Bulbothrix, Parmelina, Relicina and Xanthoparmelia, four new genera in the Parmeliaceae". Phytologia 28 (5): 479–490. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13046479. 
  3. ↑ Elix, J.A.; Johnston, J.; Verdon, D. (1986). "Canoparmelia, Paraparmelia and Relicinopsis, three new genera in the Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina)". Mycotaxon 27: 271–282. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Kirika, Paul M.; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Leavitt, Steven D.; Buaruang, Kawinnat; Crespo, Ana; Mugambi, George; Gatheri, Grace W.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2017). "The genus Relicinopsis is nested within Relicina (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)". The Lichenologist 49 (3): 189–197. doi:10.1017/s0024282916000748. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Kantvilas, G. (2024). "Relicina". Flora of Tasmania Online. Hobart: Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. https://flora.tmag.tas.gov.au/lichen-genera/relicina/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hale, Mason E. (1975). "A monograph of the lichen genus Relicina (Parmeliaceae)". Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 26 (26): 1–32. doi:10.5479/si.0081024X.26. 
  7. ↑ Elix, John A. (1998). "A new species and revised key to the genus Relicina (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae)". Mycotaxon 69: 129–136. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Elix, John A.; Johnston, J. (1990). "Three new species of Relicina from Australasia". The Lichenologist 22 (3): 269–275. doi:10.1017/S0024282990000305. 
  9. ↑ Lumbsch, H.T.; Ahti, T.; Altermann, S.; De Paz, G.A.; Aptroot, A.; Arup, U. et al. (2011). "One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity". Phytotaxa 18 (1): 9–11. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1. http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/p00018p127f.pdf. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Elix, John A.; Johnston, J. (1986). "New species of Relicina (lichenized Ascomycotina) from Australasia". Mycotaxon 27: 611–616. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Elix, John A. (1996). "A revision of the lichen genus Relicina". Bibliotheca Lichenologica 62: 1–149. 
  12. ↑ Elix, John A. (2007). "New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) from Australasia". Bibliotheca Lichenologica 95: 171–182. 
  13. ↑ Noicharoen, K.; Polyiam, W.; Boonpragob, K.; Elix, J.A.; Wolseley, P.A. (2003). "New species of Parmotrema and Relicina (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae) from Thailand". Mycotaxon 85: 325–330. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Elix, John A.; Johnston, Jen (1988). "New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) from the southern hemisphere". Mycotaxon 31 (2): 491–510. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0031/002/0491.htm. 
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Wikidata ☰ Q7311054 entry



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