Biology:Repulsive guidance molecule A
 Generic protein structure example |
Repulsive guidance molecule A (RGMa) is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) co-receptor of the repulsive guidance molecule family. Together with BMPR1A and BMPR1B, as well as ACVR2A and BMPR2, it binds BMPs thereby activating the intracellular SMAD1/5/8 signalling pathway.[1] In humans this protein is encoded by the RGMA gene.[2]
Function
RGMa is a repulsive guidance molecule for retinal axons.[3] Furthermore, neogenin functions as a receptor for RGM.[4] Neogenin overexpression and RGM downexpression in the developing embryonic neural tube induces apoptosis. The apoptotic activity of neogenin in the neural tube is associated with cleavage of its cytoplasmic domain by caspases.[5]
RGMA belongs to a family of repulsive guidance molecules that are (glycosylphosphatidylinositol)-linked cell-membrane-associated proteins. The three proteins, RGMa (this protein), RGMb and RGMc are 40-50% identical to each other, and share similarities in predicted protein domains and overall structure. All three RGM proteins appear capable of binding selected BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins).[6]
RGMs may play inhibitory roles in prostate cancer by suppressing cell growth, adhesion, migration and invasion. RGMs can coordinate Smad-dependent and Smad-independent signalling of BMPs in prostate cancer and breast cancer cells.[7][8] RGMa is also pointed as a component of the mechanisms that determine skeletal cell fusion via neogenin receptor.[9][10][11]
References
- ↑ Corradini, Elena; Babitt, Jodie L.; Lin, Herbert Y. (October 2009). "The RGM/DRAGON family of BMP co-receptors". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 20 (5–6): 389–398. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.10.008. PMID 19897400.
- ↑ "Entrez Gene: RGMA RGM domain family, member A". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=56963.
- ↑ "RGM is a repulsive guidance molecule for retinal axons". Nature 419 (6905): 392–5. September 2002. doi:10.1038/nature01041. PMID 12353034. Bibcode: 2002Natur.419..392M.
- ↑ "Neogenin mediates the action of repulsive guidance molecule". Nat. Cell Biol. 6 (8): 756–62. August 2004. doi:10.1038/ncb1156. PMID 15258590.
- ↑ "RGM and its receptor neogenin regulate neuronal survival". Nat. Cell Biol. 6 (8): 749–55. August 2004. doi:10.1038/ncb1157. PMID 15258591.
- ↑ "Molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry of the repulsive guidance molecule family". Biochem. J. 422 (3): 393–403. September 2009. doi:10.1042/BJ20090978. PMID 19698085.
- ↑ "Repulsive guidance molecule B (RGMB) plays negative roles in breast cancer by coordinating BMP signaling". J Cell Biochem 113 (7): 2523–31. March 2012. doi:10.1002/jcb.24128. PMID 22415859.
- ↑ "Repulsive guidance molecules, novel bone morphogenetic protein co-receptors, are key regulators of the growth and aggressiveness of prostate cancer cells". Int. J. Oncol. 40 (2): 544–50. February 2012. doi:10.3892/ijo.2011.1251. PMID 22076499.
- ↑ Do Carmo Costa, Alinne; Copola, Aline Gonçalves Lio; Carvalho e Souza, Clara; Nogueira, Júlia Meireles; Silva, Gerluza Aparecida Borges; Jorge, Erika Cristina (2021). "RGMa can induce skeletal muscle cell hyperplasia via association with neogenin signalling pathway". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal 57 (4): 415–427. doi:10.1007/s11626-021-00555-9. PMID 33748906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11626-021-00555-9.
- ↑ Martins, Aline Fagundes; Xavier Neto, José; Azambuja, Ana; Sereno, Maria Lorena; Figueira, Antonio; Campos-Junior, Paulo Henrique; Rosário, Millor Fernandes; Toledo, Cristiane Bittencourt Barroso et al. (2014). "Repulsive Guidance Molecules a, b and c Are Skeletal Muscle Proteins, and Repulsive Guidance Molecule a Promotes Cellular Hypertrophy and is Necessary for Myotube Fusion". Cells Tissues Organs 200 (5): 326–338. doi:10.1159/000433491. PMID 26397945. https://doi.org/10.1159/000433491.
- ↑ Jorge, Erika Cristina; Ahmed, Mohi U.; Bothe, Ingo; Coutinho, Luiz Lehmman; Dietrich, Susanne (2012). "RGMaandRGMbexpression pattern during chicken development suggest unexpected roles for these repulsive guidance molecules in notochord formation, somitogenesis, and myogenesis". Developmental Dynamics 241 (12): 1886–1900. doi:10.1002/dvdy.23889. PMID 23073896.
Further reading
- "DNA Cloning Using In Vitro Site-Specific Recombination". Genome Res. 10 (11): 1788–95. 2001. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMID 11076863.
- "Toward a Catalog of Human Genes and Proteins: Sequencing and Analysis of 500 Novel Complete Protein Coding Human cDNAs". Genome Res. 11 (3): 422–35. 2001. doi:10.1101/gr.GR1547R. PMID 11230166.
- "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. 2003. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...9916899M.
- "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. 2004. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
- "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. 2004. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMID 15489334.
- "From ORFeome to Biology: A Functional Genomics Pipeline". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2136–44. 2004. doi:10.1101/gr.2576704. PMID 15489336.
- "Central nervous system injury-induced repulsive guidance molecule expression in the adult human brain". Arch. Neurol. 62 (10): 1561–8. 2005. doi:10.1001/archneur.62.10.1561. PMID 16216939.
- "Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries". DNA Res. 12 (2): 117–26. 2007. doi:10.1093/dnares/12.2.117. PMID 16303743.
- "The LIFEdb database in 2006". Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (Database issue): D415–8. 2006. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj139. PMID 16381901.
- "Repulsive guidance molecule RGMa alters utilization of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type II receptors by BMP2 and BMP4". J. Biol. Chem. 282 (25): 18129–40. 2007. doi:10.1074/jbc.M701679200. PMID 17472960.
- "A detailed inventory of DNA copy number alterations in four commonly used Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines". Haematologica 92 (7): 913–20. 2007. doi:10.3324/haematol.11073. PMID 17606441.
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