Biology:Rhizocarpon

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Short description: Genus of lichens in the family Rhizocarpaceae

Rhizocarpon
Rhizocarpon geographicum01.jpg
Rhizocarpon geographicum
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Rhizocarpales
Family: Rhizocarpaceae
Genus: Rhizocarpon
Ramond ex DC. (1805)
Type species
Rhizocarpon geographicum
(L.) DC. (1805)
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]

Rhizocarpon is a genus of crustose, saxicolous (or sometimes lichenicolous), lecideoid lichens in the family Rhizocarpaceae. The genus is common in arctic-alpine environments, but also occurs throughout temperate, subtropical, and even tropical regions. They are commonly known as map lichens because of the prothallus forming border-like bands between colonies in some species, like the common map lichen (Rhizocarpon geographicum).

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Together with three small genera (Catolechia, Poeltinula and Epilichen), Rhizocarpon constitutes the family Rhizocarpaceae.[2][3][4] Historically, ca 389 names have been used.[5] However, many species concepts are ill-defined, many names have been synonymized[6] and new species are regularly being described,[7][8][9][10] so true number of species is not entirely clear as of now, but is estimated to be around 200.[9][10][11][12] In molecular work, the genus has also been shown to be paraphyletic, with closely related genera being nested within Rhizocarpon.[3][13]

Common traits

With so many species in a morphologically diverse genus it is difficult to say something general about morphology and anatomy and there will inevitably be some exceptions. However, they do share some key traits. They are all crustose and mostly saxicolous (rock-living), with some being lichenicolous (lichen parasites) on other saxicolous lichens. They are all lecideoid, meaning they have apothecia without a thallus margin containing algae.

Ascus and ascospores

The genus has a distinct type of ascus, the Rhizocarpon-type,[14] which is bitunicate with the inner ascus-wall being slightly apically thickened. Ascospores are considered important characters for determining species within the genus. They are either 2-celled (1-septate) or multi-celled (muriform) and are either hyaline or pigmented (green or brown), often with a characteristic halo (perispore) visible when viewed in a microscope. Asci contain eight, two or rarely one spore.[6][8][11][13]

Species

(As of October 2022), Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 75 species of Rhizopogon.[15]

  • Rhizocarpon advenulum (Leight.) Hafellner & Poelt (1976)
  • Rhizocarpon alpicola (Fr.) Rabenh. (1861)
  • Rhizocarpon amphibium (Fr.) Körb. (1855)
  • Rhizocarpon anaperum (Vain.) Vain. (1922)
  • Rhizocarpon austroalpinum P.M.McCarthy, Elix & Kantvilas (2020)[16] – Australia
  • Rhizocarpon austroamphibium Fryday & Kantvilas (2012)[17] – Australia
  • Rhizocarpon badioatrum (Flörke ex Spreng.) Th.Fr. (1874)
  • Rhizocarpon bicolor Elix & P.M.McCarthy (2019)[18] – Australia
  • Rhizocarpon caeruleoalbum (Kremp.) Zahlbr. (1926)
  • Rhizocarpon caesium Fryday (2002)[19] – Europe
  • Rhizocarpon chioneum (Norman) Th.Fr. (1874)
  • Rhizocarpon cinereonigrum Vain. (1922)[20]
  • Rhizocarpon cinereovirens (Müll.Arg.) Vain. (1922)
  • Rhizocarpon clausum (C.Knight ex Shirley) Zahlbr. (1926)
  • Rhizocarpon cleptophilum Alstrup & E.S.Hansen (2001)[21] – Greenland
  • Rhizocarpon copelandii (Körb.) Th.Fr. (1874)
  • Rhizocarpon dahlii Øvstedal (2009)
  • Rhizocarpon dimelaenae Timdal (2004)
  • Rhizocarpon diploschistinum McCune (2011)
  • Rhizocarpon disporum (Nägeli ex Hepp) Müll.Arg. (1879)
  • Rhizocarpon distinctum Th.Fr. (1874)
  • Rhizocarpon eupetraeoides (Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell (1880)
  • Rhizocarpon exiguum P.M.McCarthy, Elix & Kantvilas (2020)[16] – Australia
  • Rhizocarpon expallescens Th.Fr. (1874)
  • Rhizocarpon ferax H.Magn. (1948)[22]
  • Rhizocarpon flavomedullosum Elix & P.M.McCarthy (2014)[23] – Australia
  • Rhizocarpon furfurosum H.Magn. & Poelt (1955)[24]
  • Rhizocarpon geminatum Körb. (1855)
  • Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. (1805)
  • Rhizocarpon grande (Flörke ex Flot.) Arnold (1871)
  • Rhizocarpon haidense Brodo & Fryday (2020)[25]
  • Rhizocarpon hochstetteri (Körb.) Vain. (1922)
  • Rhizocarpon inarense (Vain.) Vain. (1898)
  • Rhizocarpon infernulum (Nyl.) Lynge (1934)
  • Rhizocarpon intermediellum Räsänen (1943)[26]
  • Rhizocarpon jemtlandicum Malme (1914)[27]
  • Rhizocarpon johnstonii C.W.Dodge (1948)
  • Rhizocarpon kerguelense C.W.Dodge (1948)
  • Rhizocarpon lavatum (Ach.) Hazsl. (1884)
  • Rhizocarpon lecanorinum Anders (1923)[28]
  • Rhizocarpon lusitanicum (Nyl.) Arnold (1871)
  • Rhizocarpon malvinae Fryday (2019)[29] – Falkland Islands
  • Rhizocarpon mawsonii C.W.Dodge (1948)
  • Rhizocarpon ochrolechiae (Poelt & Nimis) Hafellner (1992)
  • Rhizocarpon oederi (Ach.) Körb. (1861)
  • Rhizocarpon oxydatum Fryday (2004)[30] – New Zealand
  • Rhizocarpon pallidum (Akramova) Kudratov (2002)
  • Rhizocarpon petraeum (Wulfen) A.Massal. (1852)
  • Rhizocarpon polycarpum (Hepp) Th.Fr. (1874)
  • Rhizocarpon postumum (Nyl.) Arnold (1871)
  • Rhizocarpon purpurascens Fryday (2004)[30] – New Zealand
  • Rhizocarpon quinonum McCune, Timdal & Bendiksby (2016)[31] – Alaska
  • Rhizocarpon reductum Th.Fr. (1874)
  • Rhizocarpon richardii (Lamy ex Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1926)
  • Rhizocarpon ridescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1905)
  • Rhizocarpon roridulum (Th.Fr.) Zahlbr. (1926)
  • Rhizocarpon saurinum (W.A.Weber) Bungartz (2004)
  • Rhizocarpon simillimum (Anzi) Lettau (1912)
  • Rhizocarpon sipmanianum Kalb & Aptroot (2017)
  • Rhizocarpon smaragdulum Davydov & Yakovch. (2017)[32] – Siberia
  • Rhizocarpon subareolatum E.S.Hansen (2007)[33] – Greenland
  • Rhizocarpon subgeminatum Eitner (1911)[34]
  • Rhizocarpon sublavatum Fryday (2000)[35] – Europe
  • Rhizocarpon submodestum (Vain.) Vain. (1922)
  • Rhizocarpon subpostumum (Nyl.) Arnold (1877)
  • Rhizocarpon sulphurosum (Tuck. ex Willey) Lendemer (2010)
  • Rhizocarpon sunchonense S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2018)[36] – South Korea
  • Rhizocarpon superficiale (Schaer.) Malme (1914)
  • Rhizocarpon tephromelae Øvstedal (2009)
  • Rhizocarpon timdalii Ihlen & Fryday (2002)[37] – Europe; North America
  • Rhizocarpon tinei (Tornab.) Runemark (1956)
  • Rhizocarpon torquatum P.M.McCarthy, J.A.Elix & G.Kantvilas (2020)/
  • Rhizocarpon transiens Eitner (1911)
  • Rhizocarpon tungurahuae Etayo & Palice (2017)
  • Rhizocarpon umbilicatum (Ramond) Flagey (1894)
  • Rhizocarpon umense (H.Magn.) A.Nordin (2005)
  • Rhizocarpon vigilans P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2014)[23] – Australia
  • Rhizocarpon viridiatrum (Wulfen) Körb. (1855)
  • Rhizocarpon vulcani May.Inoue (2001)[38] – Japan


Gallery

  • Rhizocarpon sp. on a mountain Zlatibor, Serbia

  • Rhizocarpon pycnocarpoides

References

  1. ↑ "Synonymy. Current Name: Rhizocarpon Ramond ex DC., in Lamarck & de Candolle, Fl. franç., Edn 3 (Paris) 2: 365 (1805)". Species Fungorum. http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=4707. 
  2. ↑ Hafellner, J. (1984). "Studien in Richtung einer naturlicheren Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoraceae und Lecideaceae". Nova Hedwigia 79: 242–366. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Miadlikowska, J., Kauff, F., Högnabba, F., Oliver, J. C., Molnár, K., Fraker, E., ... & Otálora, M. A. (2014). "A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 317 genera and 66 families". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 79: 132–168. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.003. PMID 24747130. 
  4. ↑ Lücking, R., Hodkinson, B. P., & Leavitt, S. D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist 119 (4): 361–416. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. 
  5. ↑ "Rhizocarpon". MycoBank. http://www.mycobank.org/Biolomics.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=97848&Fields=All. Retrieved 29 March 2020. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Timdal, E., Holtan-Hartwig, J. (1988). "A Preliminary Key tro Rhizocarpon in Scandinavia". Graphis Scripta 2: 41–54. 
  7. ↑ McCune, B., Timdal, E., & Bendiksby, M. (2016). "Rhizocarpon quinonum, a new anthraquinone-containing species from the Alaska Peninsula". The Lichenologist 48 (5): 367–375. doi:10.1017/S0024282916000347. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/lichenologist/article/rhizocarpon-quinonum-a-new-anthraquinonecontaining-species-from-the-alaska-peninsula/E507D25984281D85CD69747577F66369. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Davydov, E. A., & Yakovchenko, L. S. (2017). "Rhizocarpon smaragdulum, a new monosporic yellow-thalline species and some additional species of the genus Rhizocarpon from the Altai Mountains (Siberia)". The Lichenologist 49 (5): 457–466. doi:10.1017/S0024282917000469. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/lichenologist/article/rhizocarpon-smaragdulum-a-new-monosporic-yellowthalline-species-and-some-additional-species-of-the-genus-rhizocarpon-from-the-altai-mountains-siberia/AF5BE64106F275B32E72784E37AD2AF0. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Fryday, A. M., & Kantvilas (2012). "Rhizocarpon austroamphibium (Rhizocarpaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), a new species from Tasmania". Australasian Lichenology 71: 12–17. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 McCarthy, P.M., Elix, J.A., Kantvilas, G. (2020). "New species and new records of the lichen genus Rhizocarpon from Tasmania, with a key to the Australian taxa". Australasian Lichenology 86: 36–62. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280495404. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Roca-Valiente, B., Hawksworth, D. L., Perez-Ortega, S., Sancho, L. G. & Crespo, A. (2016). "Type studies in the Rhizocarpon geographicum group (Rhizocarpaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)". The Lichenologist 48 (2): 97–110. doi:10.1017/S002428291500050X. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/lichenologist/article/type-studies-in-the-rhizocarpon-geographicum-group-rhizocarpaceae-lichenized-ascomycota/D8F98918E03E0F27BEA14E7DB3770372. 
  12. ↑ Rhizocarpon dinothetes new to Scandinavia, R. Haugan, "Graphis Scripta" Volym 3 (1) 1990
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Ihlen, P. G., & Ekman, S. (2016). "Outline of phylogeny and character evolution in Rhizocarpon (Rhizocarpaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) based on nuclear ITS and mitochondrial SSU ribosomal DNA sequences". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (Oxford Academic) 77 (4): 535–546. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00127.x. 
  14. ↑ Honegger, R. (1980). "The ascus apex in lichenized fungi II. The Rhizocarpon-type". The Lichenologist 12 (2): 157–172. doi:10.1017/S002428298000014X. https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/154906/1/ZORA_NL_154906.pdf. 
  15. ↑ Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+. "Rhzicarpon". Catalog of Life Version 2022-10-20. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/642BR. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A.; Kantvilas, G. (2020). "New species and new records of the lichen genus Rhizocarpon from Tasmania, with a key to the Australian taxa". Australasian Lichenology 86: 36–61. 
  17. ↑ Fryday, Alan M.; Kantvilas, Gintaras (2012). "Rhizocarpon austroamphibium (Rhizocarpaceae, lichenized Ascomycota): a new species from Tasmania". Australasian Lichenology 71: 12–17. 
  18. ↑ Elix, J.A.; McCarthy, P.M. (2019). "Rhizocarpon bicolor (lichenized Ascomycota, Rhizocarpaceae), a new species from south-eastern Australia". Australasian Lichenology 85: 51–57. 
  19. ↑ Fryday, Alan M. (2002). "A revision of the species of the Rhizocarpon hochstetteri group occurring in the British Isles". The Lichenologist 34 (6): 451–477. doi:10.1006/lich.2002.0416. 
  20. ↑ Vainio, E.A. (1922) (in la). Lichenographia Fennica. II. Baeomyceae et Lecideales. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. 53. p. 279. 
  21. ↑ Alstrup, V.; Hansen, E.S. (2001). "New lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Greenland". Graphis Scripta 12 (2): 41–50. 
  22. ↑ Magnusson, A.H. (1948). "New or interesting Swedish lichens. XIII". Botaniska Notiser 1948: 401–412. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A. (2014). "The lichen genus Rhizocarpon in mainland Australia". Telopea 16: 195–211. doi:10.7751/telopea20148124. 
  24. ↑ Poelt, J. (1955). "Flechten der Schwarzen Wand in der Großarl" (in de). Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft Wien 95: 107–113. 
  25. ↑ Spribille, Toby; Fryday, Alan M.; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; Svensson, Måns; Tønsberg, Tor; Ekman, Stefan; Holien, Håkon; Resl, Philipp et al. (2020). "Lichens and associated fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska". The Lichenologist 52 (2): 61–181. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000079. PMID 32788812. 
  26. ↑ Räsänen, V. (1943). "Bestimmungsschlüssel für die gelben Rhizocarpon-Arten, -Varietäten und Formen" (in de). Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 52: 127–136. 
  27. ↑ Malme, G.O.A. (1914). "Västra Jämtlands Rhizocarponariei". Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 8 (3): 273–294. 
  28. ↑ Anders, J. (1923). "Zur Flechtenflora des Isergebirges". Hedwigia 64: 256–267. 
  29. ↑ Fryday, Alan M. (2019). "Eleven new species of crustose lichenized fungi from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)". The Lichenologist 51 (3): 235–267. doi:10.1017/S0024282919000185. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Fryday, A.M. (2004). "New species and records of lichenized fungi from Campbell Island and the Auckland Islands, New Zealand". Bibliotheca Lichenologica 88: 127–146. 
  31. ↑ McCune, Bruce; Timdal, Einar; Bendiksby, Mika (2016). "Rhizocarpon quinonum, a new anthraquinone-containing species from the Alaska Peninsula". The Lichenologist 48 (5): 367–375. doi:10.1017/s0024282916000347. 
  32. ↑ Davydov, Evgeny A.; Yakovchenko, Lidia S. (2017). "Rhizocarpon smaragdulum, a new monosporic yellow-thalline species and some additional species of the genus Rhizocarpon from the Altai Mountains (Siberia)". The Lichenologist 49 (5): 457–466. doi:10.1017/s0024282917000469. 
  33. ↑ Hansen, E.S. (2007). "Lichens from Upernavik island, NW Greenland". Willdenowia 37 (1): 353–362. doi:10.3372/wi.37.37125. 
  34. ↑ Eitner, E. (1911). "Dritter Nachtrag zur schlesischen Flechtenflora" (in de). Jahresbericht der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für Vaterländische Kultur 88: 20–60. 
  35. ↑ Fryday, Alan (2000). "On Rhizocarpon obscuratum (Ach.) Massal., with notes on some related species in the British Isles". The Lichenologist 32 (3): 207–224. doi:10.1006/lich.2000.0269. 
  36. ↑ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Halda, J.P.; Farkas, E.; Upreti, D.K.; Thell, A.; Woo, J.-J.; Oh, S.-O. et al. (2018). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 7". Acta Botanica Hungarica 60 (1–2): 115–184. doi:10.1556/034.60.2018.1-2.8. http://real.mtak.hu/79025/1/034.60.2018.1-2.8.pdf. 
  37. ↑ Ihlen, Per G.; Fryday, Alan M. (2002). "Rhizocarpon timdalii, a new lichen species from north-west Europe and north-east North America". The Lichenologist 34 (2): 95–100. doi:10.1006/lich.2002.0379. 
  38. ↑ Inoue, M. (2001). "Taxonomic notes on Rhizocarpon growing in solfatara fields in Japan". Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo 27 (1): 11–21. 

Wikidata ☰ Q3018582 entry



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