Biology:Runcinia grammica
| Runcinia grammica | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Thomisidae |
| Genus: | Runcinia |
| Species: | R. grammica
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| Binomial name | |
| Runcinia grammica (C. L. Koch, 1837)
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Runcinia grammica (sometimes also referred to as Runcinia lateralis)[1] is a species of spiders of the genus Runcinia, with a distribution of "Europa, Near East to Iran, Russia, Central Asia, China, Japan. Introduced to St. Helena, South Africa."[2]
The species generally lives in peat bogs, fens, and meadows,[3][4] although it has also been known to inhabit urban areas[5] They usually mature to adulthood in the summer.[4] They have short, broad bodies,[6] which are covered in hair and spines.[7] They have clear muscular corrugation on their sides,[7] and, on small raised bumps on their heads, eight small eyes.[6] Males are usually 2.5–3.5mm in length, females 4-6mm.[4] They are predators,[5] and eat various species of insects.[4]
Unlike many spiders, they do not spin a web of any kind. Instead, they prowl on the ground, as well as climbing plants and flowers, to find their prey.[6] They can move forwards, backwards, and sideways.[6]
Runcina grammica has reportedly been sighted in various areas of Southeastern Spain[8] and Southwestern Portugal.[9][10] They are also known to inhabit Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Caucasus,[11] Italy,[12] India ,[7] South Africa, St. Helena,[13][14][15] Turkey,[15][14] France,[16] and in the Carpathian Basin.[17] They are among the most common species of spiders in Portugal.[14] They are one of the many species preserved at the Mountain Zebra National Park, in South Africa.[18]
References
- ↑ "Fauna Europaea". http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=353576.
- ↑ "Runcinia grammica". http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/41486.
- ↑ Meadows – Thomisidae. Commanster.eu. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Runcinia grammica". 12 January 2010. http://www.commanster.eu/commanster/Invertebrates/Spiders/SpSpiders/Runcinia.grammica.html.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Runcinia grammica – Ecologia, Taxonomia, Morfologia, Distribuition. Naturdata.com. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Runcinia grammica. Zipcodezoo.com. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Volume 103, Issues 1–2, published 2004, page 124
- ↑ Data Use Agreement – GBIF Portal. Us.mirror.gbif.org (22 February 2007). Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ↑ Portugal Spider Catalogue . Ennor.org. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.european-arachnology.org/proceedings/18th/ekosup3.pdf.
- ↑ Runcinia grammica (C. L. Koch, 1837). Caucasus-spiders.info. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ↑ Runcinia grammica. Comune.pisa.it. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ↑ 2008 Annual Checklist : Runcinia grammica (C. L. Koch, 1837). Catalogue of Life (5 January 2008). Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Archived copy". http://www.european-arachnology.org/proceedings/22nd/28_Topcu.pdf.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Archived copy". http://jbes.uludag.edu.tr/PDFDOSYALAR/mak-6.pdf.
- ↑ "Runcinia grammica (C.L. Koch, 1837) - Thomise rayé". https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/457389.
- ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.nki.hu/arachnol/tartalom/Irodalom/Bogya%20et%20al.%201999%20Spec%20composition%20in%20apple.pdf.
- ↑ "Archived copy". http://koedoe.co.za/index.php/koedoe/article/viewFile/113/115.
Wikidata ☰ Q1313440 entry
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