Biology:SPG20
 Generic protein structure example |
Spartin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPG20 gene.[1][2][3]
This gene encodes a protein that contains a MIT (Microtubule Interacting and Trafficking molecule) domain. This protein may be involved in endosomal trafficking, microtubule dynamics, or both functions. Spartin loss has been associated to mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired complex I activity and altered pyruvate metabolism.[4] Frameshift mutations associated with this gene cause autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia 20 (Troyer syndrome).[3] Troyer syndrome (SPG20) is a complicated type of hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs).[5] HSP is a category of neurological disorder characterized by spasticity and muscle weakness in the lower limbs.[5]
Background
The original description of this gene mutation and associated symptoms were described in 1967.[6] This mutation is commonly found in high frequency with the Amish population.[2] Newer studies have found that the mutation is not isolated to the Amish population, but also resides in the Omani population.[6]
Presentation
This syndrome is not only characterized by spasticity and weakness in the lower limbs, but also with dysarthria, mental retardation or mild developmental delay, and muscle wasting or muscle atrophy.[5]
Physical
Individuals appear to have difficulty walking, and report a clumsy, spastic gait which worsens over time.[6] Some additional common physical features include overgrowth of the jaw bone, hammer toes, hand and feet abnormalities, and pes cavus.[6]
Cognitive
Cognitive challenges, including developmental delay and difficulty with performance in school, may affect individuals with this syndrome.[6]
Neurologic
Neurologic examination of individuals with this mutation may show dysmetria in the upper extremities, hyperreflexia, distal amyotrophy and ankle clonus, in addition to spasticity, weakness and dysarthria.[6]
Diagnostic Imaging
The cerebellar vermis may present with mild atrophy and a loss of white matter volume.[6]
Through Lifespan
Facial dysmorphism and subtle skeletal features are common in younger children.[6] The condition progressively worsens, as spasticity and distal amyotrophy symptoms are revealed more in teenage years.[6] SPG20 expression in the adult is relatively modest, however it is widespread in the nervous system.[6] Longitudinal comparison of magnetic resonance imaging concluded that there was a progression of the syndrome; thus, the condition appears to worsen over time.[6]
References
- ↑ "The Troyer syndrome. A recessive form of spastic paraplegia with distal muscle wasting". Arch Neurol 16 (5): 473–85. Jun 1967. doi:10.1001/archneur.1967.00470230025003. PMID 6022528.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "SPG20 is mutated in Troyer syndrome, an hereditary spastic paraplegia". Nat Genet 31 (4): 347–8. Jul 2002. doi:10.1038/ng937. PMID 12134148.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Entrez Gene: SPG20 spastic paraplegia 20, spartin (Troyer syndrome)". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=23111.
- ↑ Chiara Diquigiovanni, Christian Bergamini, Rebeca Diaz, Irene Liparulo, Francesca Bianco, Luca Masin, Vito Antonio Baldassarro, Nicola Rizzardi, Antonia Tranchina, Francesco Buscherini, Anita Wischmeijer, Tommaso Pippucci, Emanuela Scarano, Duccio Maria Cordelli, Romana Fato, Marco Seri, Silvia Paracchini, Elena Bonora (7 August 2019). "A novel mutation in SPART gene causes a severe neurodevelopmental delay due to mitochondrial dysfunction with complex I impairments and altered pyruvate metabolism". FASEB Journal 33 (10): 11284–11302. doi:10.1096/fj.201802722R. PMID 31314595.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Bakowska, J.C.; Jenkins, R.; Pendleton, J.; Blackstone, C. (2005). "The Troyer syndrome (SPG20) protein interacts with Eps15". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 334 (4): 1042–1048. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.201. PMID 16036216. https://zenodo.org/record/1258788.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 Manzini, M. C.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2010). "Developmental and degenerative features in a complicated spastic paraplegic.". Annals of Neurology 67 (4): 516–525. doi:10.1002/ana.21923. PMID 20437587.
External links
Further reading
- "Generation and analysis of 280,000 human expressed sequence tags.". Genome Res. 6 (9): 807–28. 1997. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.807. PMID 8889549.
- "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. IX. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code for large proteins in vitro.". DNA Res. 5 (1): 31–9. 1998. doi:10.1093/dnares/5.1.31. PMID 9628581.
- "Troyer syndrome: a combination of central brain abnormality and motor neuron disease?". J. Neurol. 246 (7): 556–61. 1999. doi:10.1007/s004150050403. PMID 10463356.
- "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. 2003. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...9916899M.
- "The identification of a conserved domain in both spartin and spastin, mutated in hereditary spastic paraplegia.". Genomics 81 (4): 437–41. 2003. doi:10.1016/S0888-7543(03)00011-9. PMID 12676568.
- "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. 2004. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
- "The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 13.". Nature 428 (6982): 522–8. 2004. doi:10.1038/nature02379. PMID 15057823. Bibcode: 2004Natur.428..522D.
- "Transactivating effect of hepatitis C virus core protein: a suppression subtractive hybridization study.". World J. Gastroenterol. 10 (12): 1746–9. 2004. doi:10.3748/wjg.v10.i12.1746. PMID 15188498.
- "Functional proteomics mapping of a human signaling pathway.". Genome Res. 14 (7): 1324–32. 2004. doi:10.1101/gr.2334104. PMID 15231748.
- "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. 2004. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMID 15489334.
- "The Troyer syndrome (SPG20) protein spartin interacts with Eps15.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 334 (4): 1042–8. 2005. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.201. PMID 16036216. https://zenodo.org/record/1258788.
- "The hereditary spastic paraplegia protein spartin localises to mitochondria.". J. Neurochem. 98 (6): 1908–19. 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04008.x. PMID 16945107.
- "Troyer syndrome protein spartin is mono-ubiquitinated and functions in EGF receptor trafficking.". Mol. Biol. Cell 18 (5): 1683–92. 2007. doi:10.1091/mbc.E06-09-0833. PMID 17332501.
- Bakowska, J.C.; Jenkins, R.; Pendleton, J.; Blackstone, C. (2005). "The Troyer syndrome (SPG20) protein interacts with Eps15". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 334 (4): 1042–1048. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.201. PMID 16036216. https://zenodo.org/record/1258788.
- Manzini, M. C.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2010). "Developmental and degenerative features in a complicated spastic paraplegic.". Annals of Neurology 67 (4): 516–525. doi:10.1002/ana.21923. PMID 20437587.
- Ciccarelli, F. D.; Patton, M. A.; McKusick, V. A.; Crosby, A. H. (2002). "SPG20 is mutated in Troyer syndrome, an hereditary spastic paraplegia.". Nature Genetics 31 (4): 347–348. doi:10.1038/ng937. PMID 12134148.
PDB gallery | |
|---|---|
|
 |
