Biology:Sagittaria

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Sagittaria
Illustration Sagittaria sagittifolia0.jpg
S. sagittifolia
1885 illustration[1]
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Alismataceae
Genus: Sagittaria
L.
Type species
Sagittaria sagittifolia
Synonyms[2]
  • Sagitta Guett.
  • Diphorea Raf.
  • Drepachenia Raf.
  • Lophiocarpus (Kunth) Miq., illegitimate
  • Lophotocarpus T.Durand
  • Hydrolirion H.Lév.

Sagittaria is a genus of about 30[3] species of aquatic plants whose members go by a variety of common names, including arrowhead, Katniss, duck potato, swamp potato, tule potato, and wapato. Most are native to South, Central, and North America, but there are also some from Europe, Africa, and Asia.[3][2]

Description

Sagittaria plant stock (the perennial rhizome) is a horizontal creeper (stoloniferous) and obliquely obovate, the margins winged, with apical or ventral beak; in other words, they are a small, dry, one-seeded fruit that do not open to release the seed, set on a slant, narrower at the base, with winged edges, and having a "beaked" aperture (one side longer than the other) for sprouting, set above or below the fruit body.

Taxonomy

Species

(As of December 2023) accepted species include:[2][4][5]

  1. Sagittaria aginashii Makino – Japan, Korea, Primorye
  2. Sagittaria ambigua J.G.Sm. – Missouri Arrowhead – from Oklahoma to Indiana
  3. Sagittaria australis (J.G.Sm.) Small – Appalachian Arrowhead – southeastern US from Louisiana to Florida and as far north as Iowa and New Jersey
  4. Sagittaria brevirostra Mack. & Bush – Shortbeak Arrowhead – central US (Great Plains, Mississippi and Ohio Valleys, Great Lakes); also Virginia and Saskatchewan; naturalized in California
  5. Sagittaria calycina Engelm. – Central & S. U.S.A. to N. Mexico.
  6. Sagittaria chapmanii (J.G.Sm.) C.Mohr – from Texas to the Carolinas
  7. Sagittaria cristata Engelm – Crested arrowhead – Great Lakes region
  8. Sagittaria cuneata E.P.Sheld. – Wapato, Northern Arrowhead, Swamp Potato – most of Canada including Yukon and Northwest Territories; Alaska; western and northeastern US
  9. Sagittaria demersa J.G.Sm. – Chihuahuan arrowhead – New Mexico, northeastern Mexico
  10. Sagittaria engelmanniana J.G.Sm. – Engelmann's arrowhead – eastern US from Mississippi to Vermont
  11. Sagittaria fasciculata E.O.Beal – Bunched Arrowhead – North and South Carolina
  12. Sagittaria filiformis J.G.Sm. – Threadleaf Arrowhead – eastern US from Alabama to Maine
  13. Sagittaria graminea Michx. – Grassy Arrowhead, Grass-leaved Arrowhead – Cuba; much of eastern and central US; eastern Canada; naturalized in Washington State and in Vietnam
  14. Sagittaria guayanensis Kunth – Guyanese Arrowhead – widespread across Latin America, the West Indies, China, India, Southeast Asia; introduced into Louisiana
  15. Sagittaria intermedia Micheli in A.L.P.P.de Candolle & A.C.P.de Candolle – Greater Antilles, Colombia, southern Mexico
  16. Sagittaria isoetiformis J.G.Sm. – Quillwort Arrowhead – Cuba, from Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Carolinas
  17. Sagittaria kurziana Glück – Springtape or Strap-leaf Sagittaria – Florida; naturalized in Mariana Islands
  18. Sagittaria lancifolia L. – Bulltongue Arrowhead – southeastern US from Texas to Delaware; West Indies; Latin America from southern Mexico to Brazil
  19. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. – Duck-potato, Broad-leaved Arrowhead, Wapato – widespread across most of North America, the West Indies and northern South America; naturalized in Hawaii, the western Himalayas and parts of Europe
  20. Sagittaria lichuanensis J.K.Chen, X.Z.Sun & H.Q.Wang – southern China
  21. Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. ex J.G. Sm. – Longbarb Arrowhead – southern Great Plains, Arizona, New Mexico, California, Mexico, Nicaragua, Venezuela
  22. Sagittaria × lunata C.D.Preston & Uotila – Sweden, Finland, northern Russia (S. natans × S. sagittifolia)
  23. Sagittaria macrocarpa J.G.Sm. – Large-fruited Arrowhead – North and South Carolina
  24. Sagittaria macrophylla Zucc. – Papa de agua – Mexico
  25. Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schltdl. – California Arrowhead – widespread across much of US, Mexico and South America
  26. Sagittaria natans Pall. – widespread across northern Europe and Asia from Sweden to Kamchatka; Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Japan, Korea
  27. Sagittaria papillosa Buchenau – Nipplebract Arrowhead – Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma
  28. Sagittaria planitiana G.Agostini – Brazil, Venezuela
  29. Sagittaria platyphylla (Engelm.) J.G.Sm. – Delta Arrowhead, Delta Duck-potato – south-central US with scattered populations in southeast, the Ohio Valley and Washington State; also Mexico and Panama; naturalized in South Australia, Italy, Java, Caucasus
  30. Sagittaria potamogetifolia Merr. – southern China
  31. Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. – Pygmy arrowhead – China, Japan, Korea, Himalayas, Thailand, Vietnam
  32. Sagittaria rhombifolia Cham. – Costa Rica; widespread across much of South America
  33. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. – Canadian Arrowhead – Canada from Quebec to Saskatchewan; common in northeastern and north-central US from Arkansas and Nebraska east to Virginia and New England; scattered populations in California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington State; naturalised in Great Britain
  34. Sagittaria sagittifolia L. – Arrowhead – widespread across most of Europe; Siberia, Caucasus, Turkey
  35. Sagittaria sanfordii Greene – Valley Arrowhead – endemic to California
  36. Sagittaria secundifolia Kral – Little River Arrowhead – Georgia and Alabama
  37. Sagittaria siamaginashi Shiga & K.Itoh – Myanmar to Thailand
  38. Sagittaria spatulata (J.G.Sm.) Buchenau - New Brunswick to Maryland.
  39. Sagittaria sprucei Micheli in A.L.P.P.de Candolle & A.C.P.de Candolle – Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, northern Brazil
  40. Sagittaria subulata L. Buchenau – Narrow-leaved Arrowhead – eastern US from Louisiana to Massachusetts; naturalized in Great Britain, Azores and Java
  41. Sagittaria tengtsungensis H.Li – Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Yunnan
  42. Sagittaria teres S.Watson – Slender Arrowhead – northeastern US
  43. Sagittaria trifolia L. – Threeleaf Arrowhead – widespread across much of Asia including Siberia, China, Japan, India, Iran, Indonesia, Philippines, etc.; also Ukraine and European Russia; naturalized in Fiji and Polynesia
  44. Sagittaria weatherbiana Fernald –Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia

Deprecated

  • Echinodorus palaefolius (Nees & Mart.) J.F.Macbr. (as S. palaefolia Nees & Mart.)
  • Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq. (as S. obtusifolia L.)
  • Wiesneria triandra (Dalzell) Micheli (as S. triandra Dalzell)[4]

Etymology

The genus comes from the Latin word sagittārius, meaning 'pertaining to arrows',[6] owing to the leaf shape of many species.

Uses

Tuber crisps (chips)

Many species have edible roots, prized for millennia as a reliable source of starch and carbohydrates, even during the winter. Some are edible raw, though are less bitter when cooked.[7] They can be harvested by hand or by treading the mud in late fall or early spring, causing light root tubers to float to the surface. The plants are easy to propagate by replanting the roots.

References

  • Rataj, K., Annot. Zool. Bot. (Bratislava) 76:1–31 (1972); 78:1–61 (1972)
  • Staff of the L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Hortus Third, pg. 993

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q157652 entry