Biology:Sapindus

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Short description: Genus of flowering plants in the lychee family Sapindaceae

Sapindus
Sapindus marginatus.jpg
Sapindus marginatus shrubs
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Sapindaceae
Subfamily: Sapindoideae
Genus: Sapindus
L.
Type species
Sapindus saponaria
L.[1]
Species

See text

Synonyms

Dittelasma Hook.f.[2]

Sapindus is a genus of about five to twelve species of shrubs and small trees in the lychee family, Sapindaceae, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the world. The genus includes both deciduous and evergreen species. Members of the genus are commonly known as soapberries[3] or soapnuts because the fruit pulp is used to make soap. The generic name is derived from the Latin words sapo, meaning "soap", and indicus, meaning "of India ".[4]

The leaves are alternate, 15–40 cm (5.9–15.7 in) long, pinnate (except in S. oahuensis, which has simple leaves), with 14-30 leaflets, the terminal leaflet often absent. The flowers form in large panicles, each flower small, creamy white. The fruit is a small leathery-skinned drupe 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) in diameter, yellow ripening blackish, containing one to three seeds.

Uses

Soapnut is used with natural dyes to color the yarn of Tasar silk.
Sapindus emarginatus leaves, India

The drupes (soapnuts) contain saponins, which have surfactant properties, having been used for washing by ancient Asian and American peoples.[5][6] A number of other uses for Sapindus have also been reported such making arrows from the wood and decorative objects from the seeds.[7]

Folk medicine

Leaf and fruit extracts of Sapindus have historically been used in folk remedies to treat various conditions.[8]

Insecticide

Sapindus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) species including Endoclita malabaricus. Kernel extracts of soapnut disrupt the activity of enzymes of larvae and pupae and inhibits the growth of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, an important vector of viral diseases.[9]

Dyeing agent

Soapnut is used as a dyeing agent for coloring the yarn of Tussar silk and cotton.[10]

Species

Sapindus emarginatus drupes in Hyderabad, India
S. saponaria var. drummondii berries

The number of species is disputed between different authors, particularly in North America where between one and three species are accepted.

  • Sapindus delavayi (China, India)
  • Sapindus detergens (syn. var. Soapnut, Ritha)
  • Sapindus emarginatus Vahl (Southern Asia)
  • Sapindus laurifolius Vahl – Ritha (India)
  • Sapindus marginatus Willd. – Florida Soapberry (Florida to South Carolina); included in S. saponaria by some authors.
  • Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. – Indian Soapberry (India east to the Himalayas)
  • Sapindus oahuensis Hillebr. ex Radlk. – Lonomea (Kauaʻi and Oʻahu, Hawaii)
  • Sapindus rarak DC. (Southeast Asia)
  • Sapindus saponaria L.
    • S. s. var. drummondii (Hook. & Arn.) L.D.Benson – Western Soapberry (southwestern United States, Mexico)
    • S. s. var. saponaria – Wingleaf Soapberry (southeastern United States, Caribbean, island of Hawaiʻi, Central and South America)
  • Sapindus tomentosus (China)
  • Sapindus trifoliatus L. – South India Soapnut or Three-leaf Soapberry (Southern India , Pakistan )
  • Sapindus vitiensis A.Gray (American Samoa, Samoa, Fiji)[3][11][12]

Formerly placed here

References

  1. ↑ "Sapindus L.". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40029469. 
  2. ↑ "Genus: Sapindus L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?10707. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Sapindus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28695. Retrieved 2010-11-01. 
  4. ↑ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. IV R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2381. ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=zIOvJSJs-IkC. 
  5. ↑ Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida Ethnobotany. CRC Press. pp. 601–603. ISBN 978-0-8493-2332-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=eS7lX_rC3GEC. 
  6. ↑ Rodríguez-Hernández, Diego; Barbosa, Luiz C.A.; Demuner, Antonio J.; De Almeida, Raquel M.; Fujiwara, Ricardo T.; Ferreira, Sebastião R. (November 2016). "Highly potent anti-leishmanial derivatives of hederagenin, a triperpenoid from Sapindus saponaria L.". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 124: 153–159. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.030. PMID 27569196. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0223523416306730. 
  7. ↑ "Soapberry (Sapindus) in Arizona". Phytoneuron. November 2020. http://www.phytoneuron.net/2020Phytoneuron/78PhytoN-SapindusArizona.pdf. 
  8. ↑ Upadhyay A, Singh DK (2012). "Pharmacological effects of Sapindus mukorossi". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 54 (5): 273–280. doi:10.1590/s0036-46652012000500007. PMID 22983291. 
  9. ↑ "Soapnut, a mosquito repellent". Down To Earth. http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/soapnut-mosquito-repellent. 
  10. ↑ Deshmukh, Anjali; Bansal, Lekhika (2014). "Sapindus emarginatus Vahl as a natural scouring agent in dyeing of cotton with Carissa carandas leaf extract". BioLife 2 (2): 599–604. http://biolifejournal.com/327%20ANJALI%20DESHMUKH%20599-604.pdf. 
  11. ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Sapindus vitiensis | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?33093 | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 2009-03-23 }}
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "GRIN Species Records of Sapindus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-04-30. https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?10707. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q321451 entry



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