Biology:Sclerophrys garmani
| Sclerophrys garmani | |
|---|---|
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| A. garmani in Limpopo, South Africa | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | Sclerophrys |
| Species: | S. garmani
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| Binomial name | |
| Sclerophrys garmani (Meek, 1897)
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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Sclerophrys garmani, also known as Garman's toad or eastern olive toad (among others), is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is widely distributed in East and Southern Africa. However, populations north and south of Tanzania might represent distinct species. If so, the name Sclerophrys garmani would apply to populations from northeastern Africa. Furthermore, its southern boundary towards the range of Sclerophrys poweri in South Africa is also unclear.[1][2]
Etymology
The specific name garmani honors Samuel Garman, an American ichthyologist and herpetologist.[3]
Description
Males grow to 106 mm (4.2 in) and females to 115 mm (4.5 in) in snout–vent length. The tympanum is almost as big as the eye diameter. The parotoid glands are large. The back is tan to olive-brown and bears large paired markings edged with black. A thin vertebral stripe may be present. Dorsal skin has distinct warts that bear small, black spines. The ventrum is off-white.[4]
The male advertisement call is a loud, low-pitched "kwaak", lasting for about a second.[4]
Range
The range extends from Ethiopia and Somalia southward through Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, to South Africa and Eswatini and west to Namibia[1][2] and Angola.[2]
Habitat
Sclerophrys garmani in habits both arid and wooded savannas as well as agricultural areas at elevations below 2,000 m (6,600 ft). A Tanzanian population was found entirely in woodland areas. Breeding takes place in temporary water, sometimes also in artificial pools and rivers.[1]
Sclerophrys garmani is common in parts of its range. It can be threatened by habitat loss caused by human expansion, settlement, and agricultural encroachment. However, it is an adaptable species that is not seriously at risk. It is present in many protected areas.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2016). "Sclerophrys garmani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T54649A107346310. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T54649A107346310.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54649/107346310. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Frost, Darrel R. (2021). "Sclerophrys garmani (Meek, 1897)". Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001. https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Sclerophrys/Sclerophrys-garmani.
- ↑ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Pelagic Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-907807-42-8. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=QJY3BAAAQBAJ&pg=GBS.PA76.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Channing, Allan; Rödel, Mark-Oliver (2019). Field Guide to the Frogs & other Amphibians of Africa. Cape Town: Struik Nature. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-1-77584-512-6.
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