Biology:Segrosome

Segrosomes are protein complexes that ensure accurate segregation (partitioning) of plasmids or chromosomes during bacterial cell division. Just as higher forms of life have evolved a complex mitotic apparatus to partition duplicated DNA during cell division, bacteria require a specialized apparatus to partition their duplicated DNA. In bacteria, segrosomes perform the function similar to that performed by mitotic spindle. Therefore, segrosomes can be thought of as minimalist spindles.

Segrosomes are usually composed of three basic components- the DNA (plasmid or chromosome) that needs to be segregated into daughter cells, a motor protein that provides the necessary physical forces for accomplishing the segregation and a DNA binding protein that connects the DNA and the motor protein, to form the complete segrosome complex.

Motor proteins present in bacterial segrosomal complexes

The majority of motor proteins participating in plasmid segrosomes are Walker-type or ParM type ATPases. Segrosome formation could be a highly regulated and ordered process to ensure its coupling with the other events of the bacterial cell cycle. Recently segrosomal complexes derived from the tubulin family of cytoskeletal proteins, which are GTPases have been discovered in megaplasmids found in Bacillus species.

See also

• Plasmid
• Bacteria
• FtsZ
• Tubulin

References

• Hayes, F; Barillà, D (Feb 2006). "The bacterial segrosome: a dynamic nucleoprotein machine for DNA trafficking and segregation". Nat Rev Microbiol 4 (2): 133–43. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1342. PMID 16415929. 
• Hayes, F; Barillà, D (May 2006). "Assembling the bacterial segrosome". Trends Biochem Sci 31 (5): 247–50. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2006.03.002. PMID 16584885. 
• Tinsley, E; Khan, SA (Apr 2006). "A novel FtsZ-like protein is involved in replication of the anthrax toxin-encoding pXO1 plasmid in Bacillus anthracis". J Bacteriol 188 (8): 2829–35. doi:10.1128/jb.188.8.2829-2835.2006. PMID 16585744. 
• Larsen, RA; Cusumano, C; Fujioka, A; Lim-Fong, G; Patterson, P; Pogliano, J (Jun 2007). "Treadmilling of a prokaryotic tubulin-like protein, TubZ, required for plasmid stability in Bacillus thuringiensis". Genes Dev. 21 (11): 1340–52. doi:10.1101/gad.1546107. PMID 17510284. 
• Margolin, W (Aug 2007). "Bacterial cytoskeleton: not your run-of-the-mill tubulin". Curr. Biol. 17 (16): R633. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.020. PMID 17714650. 
• Anand, SP; Akhtar, P; Tinsley, E; Watkins, SC; Khan, SA (Feb 2008). "GTP-dependent polymerization of the tubulin-like RepX replication protein encoded by the pXO1 plasmid of Bacillus anthracis". Mol Microbiol 67 (4): 881–90. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.06100.x. PMID 18179418.