Biology:Setaria

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Short description: Genus of grasses


Foxtail
Starr 040713-0118 Setaria parviflora.jpg
Setaria parviflora in Hawai'i
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Supertribe: Panicodae
Tribe: Paniceae
Subtribe: Cenchrinae
Genus: Setaria
P.Beauv. 1812, conserved name not Ach. ex Michx. 1803 (a lichen)[1][2]
Type species
Setaria viridis
(L.) P.Beauv.[3]
Synonyms[4]
  • Acrochaete Peter
  • Chaetochloa Scribn.
  • Cymbosetaria Schweick.
  • Camusiella Bosser
  • Tansaniochloa Rauschert
caption=Setaria distantiflora (A.Rich.) Pilg., herbarium sheet
Setaria sp. inflorescence.jpg

Setaria is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family.[5][6] The name is derived from the Latin word seta, meaning "bristle" or "hair", which refers to the bristly spikelets.[7]

The genus includes over 100 species distributed in many tropical and temperate regions around the world,[8] and members are commonly known as foxtail or bristle grasses.[2][9][10][11][12][13]

Description

The grass is topped by a cylindrical long-haired head, which tend to droop when ripe. The seeds are less than 6 millimetres (1⁄4 inch) in length.[14]

Species

Currently accepted[15][4][16][17]


Formerly included[4]

Numerous species were once considered members of Setaria but have since been reassigned to the following genera: Brachiaria, Dissochondrus, Echinochloa, Holcolemma, Ixophorus, Oplismenus, Panicum, Paspalidium, Pennisetum, Pseudoraphis, Setariopsis, and Urochloa

Uses

The grains can be eaten raw, though are hard and can be bitter; boiling can reduce both of these properties.[14]

Several species have been domesticated and used as staple crops throughout history: foxtail millet (S. italica), korali (S. pumila) in India, and, before the full domestication of maize, Setaria macrostachya in Mexico.[18] Several species are still cultivated today as food or as animal fodder, such as foxtail millet and korali (S. pumila), while others are considered invasive weeds.[19] S. italica and S. viridis are being developed as genetic model systems for the study of monocots and bioenergy grasses.[20]

Other species that have been cultivated as crops include S. palmifolia (highland pitpit) of Papua New Guinea, where it is cultivated as a green vegetable; S. parviflora (knot-root foxtail), historically cultivated in Mesoamerica; and S. sphacelata (African bristle grass) of Sudan, a "lost millet" of Nubia.[21]

See also

  • Hendrik de Wit, a botanist who studied Setaria

References

  1. ↑ Tropicos, Setaria Ach. ex Michx.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Genus: Setaria P. Beauv.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11106. 
  3. ↑ lectotype designated by Hitchcock, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22(3): 156 (1920)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  5. ↑ Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie page 51 in Latin
  6. ↑ Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie plate XIII (13), figure III (3) line drawing of Setaria viridis
  7. ↑ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. 4: R-Q. CRC Press. p. 2470. ISBN 0-8493-2673-7. 
  8. ↑ Aliscioni, S., et al. An overview of the genus Setaria (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) in the Old World: Systematic revision and phylogenetic approach. Abstract. Botany 2004. Salt Lake City. August 3, 2004.
  9. ↑ Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 1, 499, 531 狗尾草属 gou wei cao shu Setaria P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 51. 1812
  10. ↑ Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
  11. ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana
  12. ↑ Atlas of Living Australia
  13. ↑ Sanbi Red List of South African Plants
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 (in en-US) The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. pp. 56. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364. 
  15. ↑ The Plant List search for Setaria
  16. ↑ "Setaria". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=41229. Retrieved 2013-11-16. 
  17. ↑ "GRIN Species Records of Setaria". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?11106. 
  18. ↑ Diao, Xianmin; Jia, Guanqing (2017). "Origin and Domestication of Foxtail Millet". Genetics and Genomics of Setaria. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models. 19. pp. 61–72. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45105-3_4. ISBN 978-3-319-45103-9. 
  19. ↑ Dekker, Jack (29 February 2004). "4". in Inderjit. Weed Biology and Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 65–67. ISBN 9781402017612. 
  20. ↑ Li, P.; Brutnell, T. P. (2011-03-31). "Setaria viridis and Setaria italica, model genetic systems for the Panicoid grasses". Journal of Experimental Botany 62 (9): 3031–3037. doi:10.1093/jxb/err096. ISSN 0022-0957. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err096. 
  21. ↑ Fuller, Dorian Q. (2014). "Millets: Origins and Development". Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 4945–4948. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2181. ISBN 978-1-4419-0426-3. 

External links

  • Setaria. California Department of Food and Agriculture.

Wikidata ☰ Q157389 entry



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