Biology:Setaria

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Short description: Genus of grasses


Foxtail
Starr 040713-0118 Setaria parviflora.jpg
Setaria parviflora in Hawai'i
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Supertribe: Panicodae
Tribe: Paniceae
Subtribe: Cenchrinae
Genus: Setaria
P.Beauv. 1812, conserved name not Ach. ex Michx. 1803 (a lichen)[1][2]
Type species
Setaria viridis
(L.) P.Beauv.[3]
Synonyms[4]
  • Acrochaete Peter
  • Chaetochloa Scribn.
  • Cymbosetaria Schweick.
  • Camusiella Bosser
  • Tansaniochloa Rauschert
caption=Setaria distantiflora (A.Rich.) Pilg., herbarium sheet
Setaria sp. inflorescence.jpg

Setaria is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family.[5][6] The name is derived from the Latin word seta, meaning "bristle" or "hair", which refers to the bristly spikelets.[7]

The genus includes over 100 species distributed in many tropical and temperate regions around the world,[8] and members are commonly known as foxtail or bristle grasses.[2][9][10][11][12][13]

Description

The grass is topped by a cylindrical long-haired head, which tend to droop when ripe. The seeds are less than 6 millimetres (14 inch) in length.[14]

Species

Currently accepted[15][4][16][17]


Formerly included[4]

Numerous species were once considered members of Setaria but have since been reassigned to the following genera: Brachiaria, Dissochondrus, Echinochloa, Holcolemma, Ixophorus, Oplismenus, Panicum, Paspalidium, Pennisetum, Pseudoraphis, Setariopsis, and Urochloa

Uses

The grains can be eaten raw, though are hard and can be bitter; boiling can reduce both of these properties.[14]

Several species have been domesticated and used as staple crops throughout history: foxtail millet (S. italica), korali (S. pumila) in India, and, before the full domestication of maize, Setaria macrostachya in Mexico.[18] Several species are still cultivated today as food or as animal fodder, such as foxtail millet and korali (S. pumila), while others are considered invasive weeds.[19] S. italica and S. viridis are being developed as genetic model systems for the study of monocots and bioenergy grasses.[20]

Other species that have been cultivated as crops include S. palmifolia (highland pitpit) of Papua New Guinea, where it is cultivated as a green vegetable; S. parviflora (knot-root foxtail), historically cultivated in Mesoamerica; and S. sphacelata (African bristle grass) of Sudan, a "lost millet" of Nubia.[21]

See also

  • Hendrik de Wit, a botanist who studied Setaria

References

  1. Tropicos, Setaria Ach. ex Michx.
  2. 2.0 2.1 "Genus: Setaria P. Beauv.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11106. 
  3. lectotype designated by Hitchcock, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22(3): 156 (1920)
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  5. Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie page 51 in Latin
  6. Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie plate XIII (13), figure III (3) line drawing of Setaria viridis
  7. Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. 4: R-Q. CRC Press. p. 2470. ISBN 0-8493-2673-7. 
  8. Aliscioni, S., et al. An overview of the genus Setaria (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) in the Old World: Systematic revision and phylogenetic approach. Abstract. Botany 2004. Salt Lake City. August 3, 2004.
  9. Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 1, 499, 531 狗尾草属 gou wei cao shu Setaria P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 51. 1812
  10. Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
  11. Altervista Flora Italiana
  12. Atlas of Living Australia
  13. Sanbi Red List of South African Plants
  14. 14.0 14.1 (in en-US) The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. pp. 56. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364. 
  15. The Plant List search for Setaria
  16. "Setaria". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=41229. Retrieved 2013-11-16. 
  17. "GRIN Species Records of Setaria". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?11106. 
  18. Diao, Xianmin; Jia, Guanqing (2017). "Origin and Domestication of Foxtail Millet". Genetics and Genomics of Setaria. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models. 19. pp. 61–72. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45105-3_4. ISBN 978-3-319-45103-9. 
  19. Dekker, Jack (29 February 2004). "4". in Inderjit. Weed Biology and Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 65–67. ISBN 9781402017612. 
  20. Li, P.; Brutnell, T. P. (2011-03-31). "Setaria viridis and Setaria italica, model genetic systems for the Panicoid grasses". Journal of Experimental Botany 62 (9): 3031–3037. doi:10.1093/jxb/err096. ISSN 0022-0957. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err096. 
  21. Fuller, Dorian Q. (2014). "Millets: Origins and Development". Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 4945–4948. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2181. ISBN 978-1-4419-0426-3. 

External links

  • Setaria. California Department of Food and Agriculture.

Wikidata ☰ Q157389 entry