Biology:Simocyon
| Simocyon Temporal range: late Miocene to early Pliocene
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| Simocyon primigenius lower jaw at Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Paris. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Ailuridae |
| Subfamily: | †Simocyoninae |
| Genus: | †Simocyon Wagner, 1858 |
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Simocyon ("short-snouted dog") is a genus of extinct carnivoran mammal in the family Ailuridae. Simocyon, which was about the size of a mountain lion, lived in the late Miocene and early Pliocene epochs, and has been found in Europe, Asia, and rarely, North America[1] and Africa.[2]
Classification
The relationship of Simocyon to other carnivores has been controversial, but studies of the structure of its ear, teeth, and ankle now indicate that its closest living relative is the red panda, Ailurus,[3][1] although it is different enough to be classified in a separate subfamily (Simocyoninae) along with related genera Alopecocyon and Actiocyon. While the red panda is primarily herbivorous, the teeth and skull of Simocyon indicate that it was carnivorous, and it may have engaged in some bone-crushing, like living hyenas.[1] The skeleton of Simocyon indicates that, like the red panda, it could climb trees, although it probably also spent considerable time on the ground.[4] Simocyon and Ailurus both have a radial sesamoid, an unusual bone in the wrist that acts as a false thumb.[5] Its competitors during its time period were ailuropodine and tremarctine bears, nimravid false cats, and early canids and felids.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Peigné, S.; Salesa, M. J.; Antón, M.; Morales, J. (2005). "Ailurid carnivoran mammal Simocyon from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 (2): 219–238. http://app.pan.pl/acta50/app50−219.pdf.
- ↑ Howell, F. Clark; Garcia, Nuria (December 2007). "Carnivora (Mammalia) From Lemudong'o (Late Miocene: Narok District, Kenya)". Kirtlandia (Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Natural History) 556: 121–139. http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/hlusko/kirt-56-00-121.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ↑ Wang, Xiaoming (1997). "New cranial material of Simocyon from China, and its implications for phylogenetic relationship to the red panda(Ailurus)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17 (1): 184–198. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10010963. Bibcode: 1997JVPal..17..184W.
- ↑ Salesa, M. J.; Antón, M.; Peigné, S.; Morales, J. (2008). "Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the late Miocene of Spain". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152 (3): 593–621. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00370.x. https://zenodo.org/record/5442636.
- ↑ Salesa, Manuel J.; Antón, Mauricio; Peigné, Stéphane; Morales, Jorge (2006). "Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (2): 379–382. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504899102. PMID 16387860. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..103..379S.
Bibliography
- Fabre, Anne-Claire; Salesa, Manuel J.; Cornette, Raphael; Antón, Mauricio; Morales, Jorge; Peigné, Stéphane (2015). "Quantitative inferences on the locomotor behaviour of extinct species applied to Simocyon batalleri (Ailuridae, Late Miocene, Spain)". The Science of Nature 102 (5–6): 30. doi:10.1007/s00114-015-1280-9. PMID 25968493. Bibcode: 2015SciNa.102...30F.
- Tedrow, A. R.; Baskin, J. A.; Robinson, S. F.; Gillette, D. D. (1999). "An additional occurrence of Simocyon (Mammalia, Carnivora, Procyonidae) in North America.". Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah: 487–493.
- Spassov, Nikolai; Geraads, Denis (2011). "A skull of Simocyon primigenius (Roth & Wagner, 1854) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the late Miocene of Karaslari (Republic of Macedonia), with remarks on the systematics and evolution of the genus". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 262 (2): 151–161. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0188.
- Kullmer, Ottmar; Morlo, Michael; Sommer, Jens; Lutz, Herbert; Engel, Thomas; Forman, Markus; Holzförster, Frank (2008). "The second specimen of Simocyon diaphorus(Kaup, 1832) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the type–locality Eppelsheim (Early late Miocene, Germany)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (3): 928. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[928:TSSOSD2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0272-4634.
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