Biology:South American common toad
| South American common toad | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | Rhinella |
| Species: | R. margaritifera
|
| Binomial name | |
| Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768)
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Bufo margaritifer (Laurenti, 1768) | |
The South American common toad (Rhinella margaritifera; also mitred toad, in Spanish sapo crestado) is a species complex of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the Amazonian South America (Bolivia, Brazil , Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela) and eastern Panama.[2] It was originally believed to be a single species, but is now known to represent a complex of more than one.[1][2]
Its natural habitats are primary and secondary lowland, premontane and montane tropical moist forests (including terra firme and seasonally flooded forests). It is a generalist species that can also be found in disturbed areas.[1]
Member species
As of 2013, there were 16 formally described species within this complex, as well as an unknown number that are yet to be recognized.[3]
- Rhinella acutirostris
- Rhinella alata
- Rhinella castaneotica
- Rhinella dapsilis
- Rhinella hoogmoedi
- Rhinella lescurei
- Rhinella magnussoni
- Rhinella margaritifera
- Rhinella paraguayensis
- Rhinella martyi
- Rhinella ocellata
- Rhinella proboscidea
- Rhinella roqueana
- Rhinella scitula
- Rhinella sclerocephala
- Rhinella stanlaii
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, César Jaramillo, Querube Fuenmayor, Débora Silvano, Luis A. Coloma, Enrique La Marca, Santiago Ron, Marinus Hoogmoed (2010). "Rhinella margaritifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T54701A11185916. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T54701A11185916.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54701/11185916. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Rhinella/Rhinella-margaritifera.
- ↑ Lavilla, E. O.; Caramaschi, U.; Langone, J. A.; Pombal Jr., J. P.; de Sá, R. O. (2013). "The identity of Rana margaritifera Laurenti, 1768 (Anura, Bufonidae)". Zootaxa 3646 (3): 251–264. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3646.3.4. PMID 26213763. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258032983.
Wikidata ☰ Q28031624 entry
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