Biology:Sphyrna
Sphyrna is a genus of hammerhead sharks with a cosmopolitan distribution in the world's oceans. Members of Sphyrna have a tendency to inhabit coastal waters along the intertidal zone rather than the open ocean, as their prey such as invertebrates, fish, rays, small crustaceans, and other benthic organisms hide in the sands and sediment along these zones. Members of Sphyrna are also known by synonyms such as Zygaena, Cestracion, and Sphyrichthys. The earliest species described of this genus was Sphyrna zygaena by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, while the latest described member, Sphyrna alleni, was described in 2024.
The genus name comes from the Greek word σφῦρα sphyra "hammer", it is also where the family name Sphyrnidae comes from.[1]
The earliest known fossil species of Sphyrna is †Sphyrna guinoti from the mid-late Eocene of Tunisia and Egypt.[2]
Species
The recognized species in this genus are:[3][4]
- Extant
- Sphyrna alleni Gonzalez, Postaire, Driggers, Caballero, & Chapman, 2024 (shovelbill shark)[5]
- Sphyrna corona (S. Springer, 1940) (scalloped bonnethead)
- Sphyrna gilberti Quattro, Driggers, Grady, Ulrich & M. A. Roberts, 2013 (Carolina hammerhead)[4]
- Sphyrna lewini (E. Griffith & C. H. Smith, 1834) (scalloped hammerhead)
- Sphyrna media (S. Springer, 1940) (scoophead)
- Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell, 1837) (great hammerhead)
- Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus, 1758) (bonnethead)
- Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes, 1822) (smalleye hammerhead)
- Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758) (smooth hammerhead)
- Extinct
- † Sphyrna arambourgi (Cappetta, 1970)
- † Sphyrna gibbesii (Hay, 1902)
- † Sphyrna guinoti Adnet et al., 2020[2]
- † Sphyrna integra (Probst, 1878)
- † Sphyrna laevissima (Cope, 1867) (likely synonymous with S. zygaena)[2]
- † Sphyrna magna (Cope, 1867)
References
- ↑ Scharpf, Christopher (12 December 2022). "Family SPHYRNIDAE". https://etyfish.org/ETYFish_Sphyrnidae.pdf.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Adnet, Sylvain; Marivaux, Laurent; Cappetta, Henri; Charruault, Anne-Lise; Mabrouk, Essid El; Jiquel, Suzanne; Ammar, Hayet Khayati; Marandat, Bernard et al. (2020). "Diversity and renewal of tropical elasmobranchs around the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) in North Africa: New data from the lagoonal deposits of Djebel el Kébar, Central Tunisia" (in en). Palaeontologia Electronica 23 (2): a38. doi:10.26879/1085. https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-02913721.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). Species of Sphyrna in FishBase. June 2013 version.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Quattro, J.M., Driggers, W.B. III, Grady, J.M., Ulrich, G.F. & Roberts, M.A. (2013): Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa, 3702 (2): 159–178.
- ↑ Gonzalez, C., Postaire, B., Driggers, W., Caballero, S. & Chapman, D. (2024): Sphyrna alleni sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the Caribbean and the Southwest Atlantic. Zootaxa, 5512 (4): 491–511.
Wikidata ☰ Q132998 entry
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