Biology:Striosome
| Striosome | |
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| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy |
The striosomes (also referred to as striatal patches) are one of two complementary chemical compartments within the striatum (the other compartment is known as the matrix) that can be visualized by staining for immunocytochemical markers such as mu opioid receptors,[1] acetylcholinesterase,[2] enkephalin, substance P, limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP),[3] AMPA receptor subunit 1 (GluR1),[4] dopamine receptor subunits, and calcium binding proteins.[5] Striosomal abnormalities have been associated with neurological disorders, such as mood dysfunction in Huntington's disease,[6] though their precise function remains unknown. Recently studies have identified the presence of "exo-patch" neurons that are biochemically and genetically the same as striosomal neurons, but reside in the matrix compartment. [7] This study also characterized the different input and output connections of the striosome and matrix compartments, revealing that both regions have direct inputs to dopamine neurons (though the striosome inputs are somatic whereas the matrix targets distal dendrites). The authors also revealed unique inputs to the striosome from subcortical limbic structures like the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
Striosomes (a.k.a striatal "patches") were discovered by Candace Pert in 1976 based on mu opioid receptor autoradiography and Ann Graybiel in 1978 using acetylcholinesterase histochemistry.
References
- ↑ "Opiate receptor: autoradiographic localization in rat brain.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 73 (10): 3792–33. Oct 1976. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.10.3729. PMID 185626.
- ↑ "Histochemically distinct compartments in the striatum of human, monkeys, and cat demonstrated by acetylthiocholinesterase staining". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 75 (11): 5723–6. Nov 1978. doi:10.1073/pnas.75.11.5723. PMID 103101.
- ↑ "Chemical heterogeneity of the striosomal compartment in the human striatum.". J Comp Neurol 413 (4): 603–18. Nov 1999. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19991101)413:4<603::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID 10495446.
- ↑ "The striatal mosaic in primates: striosomes and matrix are differentially enriched in ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits.". J. Neurosci. 13 (2): 782–92. Feb 1993. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-02-00782.1993. PMID 7678861.
- ↑ "Neuronal degeneration in the basal ganglia and loss of pallido-subthalamic synapses in mice with targeted disruption of the Huntington's disease gene.". Brain Res. 818 (2): 468–79. Feb 1999. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(98)01312-2. PMID 10082833.
- ↑ "Striosomes and mood dysfunction in Huntington's disease.". Brain 130 (1): 206–21. Jan 2007. doi:10.1093/brain/awl243. PMID 17040921.
- ↑ "Genetic-Based Dissection Unveils the Inputs and Outputs of Striatal Patch and Matrix Compartments.". Neuron 91 (5): 1069–84. Sep 2016. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.07.046. PMID 27568516.
- ↑ Reinius B (March 27, 2015). "Conditional targeting of medium spiny neurons in the striatal matrix". Front. Behav. Neurosci. 9: 71. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00071. PMID 25870547.
External links
- Trafton, Anne (2020-10-27). "Study helps explain why motivation to learn declines with age". https://news.mit.edu/2020/why-learn-motivate-age-decline-1027. Article on striosomes' role in age-related decline in learning.
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