Biology:Suillus granulatus

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Short description: Species of fungus

Suillus granulatus
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Suillaceae
Genus: Suillus
Species:
S. granulatus
Binomial name
Suillus granulatus
(L.) Roussel (1796)
Synonyms[2]
  • Boletus granulatus L. (1753)
  • Boletus lactifluus Sowerby (1809)
  • Suillus lactifluus A.H. Sm. & Thiers (1968)
  • Suillus Weaverae Kretzer & T.D.Bruns (1996)
Suillus granulatus
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
float
Mycological characteristics
pores on hymenium
cap is flat or convex
hymenium is adnate or decurrent
stipe is bare
spore print is brown
ecology is mycorrhizal
edibility: edible

Suillus granulatus is a species of fungus in the genus Suillus. It has been commonly known as the weeping bolete,[3] the butterball bolete, or the granulated bolete. It is a pored mushroom similar to S. luteus, but can be distinguished by its ringless stalk.

The species often grows in a symbiosis (mycorrhiza) with pine. It is native to the Northern Hemisphere and has been introduced elsewhere. It is edible.

Taxonomy

Suillus granulatus was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as a species of Boletus.[4] It was given its current name by French naturalist Henri François Anne de Roussel when he transferred it to Suillus in 1796.[2] Suillus is an ancient term for fungi, and is derived from the word "swine". Granulatus means "grainy" and refers to the granular dots on the upper part of the stem.[5][6] However, in some specimens the granular dots may be inconspicuous and not darkening with age;[7] thus the name S. lactifluus, "oozing milk" was formerly applied to this form as it is not notably characterized by granular dots.[6]

Previously thought to exist in eastern North America, that species has now been confirmed to be the rediscovered Suillus weaverae.[8][9]

Description

Suillus granulatus showing milky droplets on pores

The orange-brown, to brown-yellow cap is viscid (sticky) when wet, and shiny when dry, and is usually 4 to 12 centimetres (1 1⁄2 to 4 3⁄4 in) in diameter.[10] The pale yellow stem is about 4–8 cm (1 1⁄2–3 1⁄4 in) tall 1–2 cm (3⁄8–3⁄4 in) wide, and of uniform thickness; it has tiny brownish granules at the apex[10] and lacks a ring. The tubes and pores are small, pale yellow, and exude pale milky droplets when young. The flesh is also pale yellow.[10]

Similar species

Suillus granulatus is often confused with S. luteus, which is another common and widely distributed species occurring in the same habitat. S. luteus has conspicuous a partial veil and ring, and lacks the milky droplets on the pores.[11] Also similar is S. brevipes, which has a short stipe in relation to the cap, and which does not ooze droplets from the pore surface. S. pungens is also similar.[10]

Bioleaching

Bioleaching is the industrial process of using living organisms to extract metals from ores, typically where there is only a trace amount of the metal to be extracted. It has been found that S. granulatus can extract trace elements (titanium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and lead) from wood ash and apatite.[12]

Habitat and distribution

Suillus granulatus grows with Pinus (pine trees) on both calcareous and acidic soils, and sometimes occurs in large numbers. It is the most widespread pine-associating Suillus species in warm climates.[13]

The species is native to the Northern Hemisphere.[14] It is associated with Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) in South Korea.[11] It has been introduced to South Africa,[13] Hawaii,[14] Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, and Chile,[13] and the Falkland Islands.[14]

Toxicity

Suillus granulatus sometimes causes contact dermatitis to those who handle it.[15]

Edibility

Suillus granulatus is edible and variously considered to be of either good or poor quality.[16][10] The gelatinous pileipellis should be removed first,[17] and like all Suillus species, the tubes are best removed before cooking. It has been reported to cause gastric upset in some cases.[17] It is sometimes included in commercially produced mushroom preserves. The fruit bodies—low in fat, high in fiber and carbohydrates, and a source of nutraceutical compounds—can be considered a functional food.[18]

References

  1. ↑ Dahlberg, A. (2019). "Suillus granulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T122090798A223015752.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/122090798/223015752. Retrieved 19 October 2024. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "GSD Species Synonymy: Suillus granulatus (L.) Roussel". Species Fungorum. CAB International. http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=291277. 
  3. ↑ Eppinger M. (2006). Field Guide to Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Britain and Europe. New Holland Publishers. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-84537-474-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=X96A6iQwvV4C&pg=PA38. 
  4. ↑ Linnaeus C (1753). "Tomus II" (in la). Species Plantarum. 12. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 1177. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4254470. 
  5. ↑ O'Reilly, Pat. "Fascinated by Fungi". https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/suillus-granulatus.php. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kuo, Michael. "Suillus granulatus". http://www.mushroomexpert.com/suillus_granulatus.html. 
  7. ↑ Kuo, Michael. "The Genus Suillus". Key 83. http://www.mushroomexpert.com/suillus.html. 
  8. ↑ A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Peterson Field Guides. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. 1987. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-395-91090-0. 
  9. ↑ "Suillus weaverae". http://iucn.ekoo.se/iucn/species_view/415953. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 331–332. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Molecular Taxonomical Re-classification of the Genus Suillus Micheli ex S. F. Gray in South Korea". Mycobiology 42 (3): 221–28. 2014. doi:10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.3.221. PMID 25346598. 
  12. ↑ Gadd, Geoffrey Michael (2010). "Metals, minerals and microbes: geomicrobiology and bioremediation". Microbiology 156 (3): 609–643. doi:10.1099/mic.0.037143-0. PMID 20019082. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Richardson DM. (2000). Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-521-78910-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=YawYOzQmcHEC&pg=PA334. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions. University of California Press. 2010. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-520-94843-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=hq5uc8O5pDQC&pg=PA470. 
  15. ↑ Bruhn, Johann N.; Soderberg, Milton D. (1991). "Allergic contact dermatitis caused by mushrooms: A case report and literature review" (in en). Mycopathologia 115 (3): 191–195. doi:10.1007/BF00462225. ISSN 0301-486X. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00462225. 
  16. ↑ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. pp. 290–91. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1. 
  18. ↑ "Can Suillus granulatus (L.) Roussel be classified as a functional food?". Food & Function 5 (11): 2861–9. 2014. doi:10.1039/C4FO00619D. PMID 25231126. https://bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt/bitstream/10198/12054/3/231.pdf. 

Wikidata ☰ Q1142857 entry



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