Biology:Sympetrum
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Sympetrum is a genus of small to medium-sized skimmer dragonflies, known as darters in Europe and as meadowhawks in North America. The more than 50 species predominantly live in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere; 11 species are native to Europe and 15 species native to North America, and most of the rest in Asia. A few species also occur in tropical and southern Africa (S. fonscolombii) and in South America (S. evanescens, S. gilvum, S. roraimae, S. villosum), but none is native to Australasia.[1]
Most species fly in late summer and autumn, breeding in ponds and foraging over meadows. Commonly, they are yellow-gold as juveniles, with mature males and some females becoming bright red or orange-red on part or all of their bodies. An exception to this scheme is the Holarctic black darter or black meadowhawk (Sympetrum danae), which has black males with no red.[2][3]
The genus includes the following species:[1]
- Sympetrum ambiguum (Rambur, 1842) – blue-faced meadowhawk[4]
- Sympetrum anomalum Needham, 1930
- Sympetrum arenicolor Jödicke, 1994
- Sympetrum baccha (Selys, 1884)
- Sympetrum chaconi De Marmels, 1994
- Sympetrum commixtum (Selys, 1884)
- Sympetrum cordulegaster (Selys, 1883)
- Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen, 1861) – variegated meadowhawk[4]
- Sympetrum costiferum (Hagen, 1861) – saffron-winged meadowhawk[4]
- Sympetrum croceolum (Selys, 1883)
- Sympetrum daliensis Zhu, 1999
- Sympetrum danae (Sulzer, 1776) – black darter,[5] black meadowhawk[4]
- Sympetrum darwinianum Selys, 1883
- Sympetrum depressiusculum (Selys, 1841) – spotted darter[6]
- Sympetrum dilatatum (Calvert, 1892) – St. Helena darter[7]
- Sympetrum durum Bartenev, 1916
- Sympetrum eroticum (Selys, 1883)
- Sympetrum evanescens De Marmels, 1992
- Sympetrum flaveolum (Linnaeus, 1758) – yellow-winged darter[5]
- Sympetrum fonscolombii (Selys, 1840) – red-veined darter,[5] nomad[8]
- Sympetrum frequens (Selys, 1883)[9]
- Sympetrum gilvum (Selys, 1884)
- Sympetrum gracile Oguma, 1915
- Sympetrum haematoneura Fraser, 1924
- Sympetrum haritonovi Borisov, 1983 – dwarf darter[10]
- Sympetrum himalayanum Navás, 1934
- Sympetrum hypomelas (Selys, 1884)
- Sympetrum illotum (Hagen, 1861) – cardinal meadowhawk[4]
- Sympetrum imitans (Selys, 1886)
- Sympetrum infuscatum (Selys, 1883)
- Sympetrum internum Montgomery, 1943 – cherry-faced meadowhawk[4]
- Sympetrum kunckeli (Selys, 1884)
- Sympetrum maculatum Oguma, 1922
- Sympetrum madidum (Hagen, 1861) – red-veined meadowhawk[4]
- Sympetrum meridionale (Selys, 1841) – southern darter[6]
- Sympetrum nigrifemur (Selys, 1884) – island darter[11]
- Sympetrum nigrocreatum Calvert, 1920 – Talamanca meadowhawk[12]
- Sympetrum nomurai Asahina, 1997
- Sympetrum obtrusum (Hagen, 1861) – white-faced meadowhawk[4]
- Sympetrum orientale (Selys, 1883)
- Sympetrum pallipes (Hagen, 1874) – striped meadowhawk[4]
- Sympetrum paramo De Marmels, 2001
- Sympetrum parvulum (Bartenev, 1912)
- Sympetrum pedemontanum (Müller, 1766) – banded darter[5]
- Sympetrum risi Bartenev, 1914
- Sympetrum roraimae De Marmels, 1988
- Sympetrum rubicundulum (Say, 1840) – ruby meadowhawk[4]
- Sympetrum ruptum Needham, 1930
- Sympetrum sanguineum (Müller, 1764) – ruddy darter[5]
- Sympetrum semicinctum (Say, 1840) – band-winged meadowhawk[4]
- Sympetrum signiferum Cannings & Garrison, 1991
- Sympetrum sinaiticum Dumont, 1977 – desert darter[6]
- Sympetrum speciosum Oguma, 1915
- Sympetrum striolatum (Charpentier, 1840) – common darter[5]
- Sympetrum tibiale (Ris, 1897)
- Sympetrum uniforme (Selys, 1883)
- Sympetrum verum Bartenev, 1916
- Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen, 1861) – yellow-legged meadowhawk,[13] autumn meadowhawk[4]
- Sympetrum villosum Ris, 1911
- Sympetrum vulgatum (Linnaeus, 1758) – vagrant darter,[5] moustached darter[6]
- Sympetrum xiaoi Han & Zhu, 1997
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "World Odonata List". University of Puget Sound. https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/biodiversity-resources/dragonflies/world-odonata-list2/.
- ↑ Smallshire, Dave; Swash, Andy (2020-07-14). Europe's Dragonflies. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 300–301. ISBN 978-0-691-16895-1.
- ↑ Needham, James G.; Minter J. Westfall Jr.; Michael L. May (2000). Dragonflies of North America (rev. ed.). Gainesville, FL: Scientific Publishers. p. 795. ISBN 0-945417-94-2.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 "North American Odonata". University of Puget Sound. 2009. http://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/biodiversity-resources/dragonflies/north-american-odonata/.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 "British Dragonfly Society Species Checklist". British Dragonfly Society. https://british-dragonflies.org.uk/species-checklist/.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Checklist, English common names". DragonflyPix.com. http://www.dragonflypix.com/checklist.html.
- ↑ Suhling, F.; Martens, A. (2011). "Sympetrum dilatatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T21226A9259879.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/21226/9259879.
- ↑ Samways, Michael J. (2008). Dragonflies and damselflies of South Africa (1st ed.). Sofia: Pensoft. ISBN 978-954-642-330-6.
- ↑ Autumn Darter, Kochi
- ↑ Clausnitzer, V. (2009). "Sympetrum haritonovi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T158697A5261939.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/158697/5261939.
- ↑ Clausnitzer, V.; Kalkman, V.J. (2020). "Sympetrum nigrifemur". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60292A140601430.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/60292/140601430.
- ↑ Paulson, D. R. (2009). "Sympetrum nigrocreatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T164924A5939416.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/164924/5939416.
- ↑ Dunkle, S. W. (2000). Dragonflies through Binoculars. OUP.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q41447 entry
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