Biology:Synalpheus

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Synalpheus is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 160 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed.

Taxonomy

Although the genus Zuzalpheus was proposed for S. gambarelloides, S. brooksi, and their closest relatives, this has not been adopted and is not considered a monophyletic clade within the genus Synalpheus.[1][2][3]

Over 160 species are recognised in the genus Synalpheus. For a complete listing, see List of Synalpheus species.

Distribution

In the narrower sense, Synalpheus occur in the eastern Pacific where they are most plentiful and probably originated, and to a lesser extent in the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean; the species placed in Zuzalpheus occur mainly in the western Atlantic where their lineage probably originated, and to a lesser extent in the eastern Atlantic and Indian Ocean, and the eastern Pacific. It may thus be that the closure of the Isthmus of Panama in the Piacenzian (about 3 million years ago) was a key factor in separating the two lineages, as species referred to Synalpheus sensu stricto are most plentiful in the western Pacific.[3]

Behaviour and ecology

Snapping

The snapping behaviour of Synalpheus is rather well studied. In Synalpheus parneomeris, peak to peak source levels of 185–190 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m were measured, depending on the size of the claw.[4]

Eusociality

The only known eusocial aquatic species occur within the genus Synalpheus. The species known to be eusocial are S. brooksi, S. chacei, S. elizabethae, S. filidigitus, S. rathbunae, S. regalis,[1] S. microneptunus,[5] and S. duffyi as well as potentially S. riosi.[6] The level of eusociality exhibited differs between species, with highly eusocial species having one reproducing female, or queen, per colony. Some species, including S. brooksi and S. rathbunae, may have up to a dozen reproducing females in a single colony. Species with many reproducing females see higher levels of reproductive competition.[7]

Eusociality has evolved at least three times within Synalpheus.[2][8] It appears that there were multiple rapid radiations between 3 and 9 mya from which the ancestors of these eusocial species appeared.[8] Eusociality is thought to have arisen due to competition for space, because among the species that host Synalpheus, empty sponges are rarely found.[9] The evolution of eusociality is also linked to a species filling a generalist role in their ecosystem, which is true of all Synalpheus species which exhibit eusocial behavior.[10]It also appears that kin selection was necessary for this evolution to occur because the only species in which eusociality has appeared are non-dispersing shrimp that hatch directly into crawling individuals.[11] Until recently, eusocial species of Synalpheus have appeared in far greater abundance than, and appear to outcompete, less social species for space in sponges.[9][12]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rubén Ríos & J. Emmett Duffy (2007). "A review of the sponge-dwelling snapping shrimp from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, with description of Zuzalpheus, new genus, and six new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae)". Zootaxa 1602: 1–89. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1602.1.1. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01602p089.pdf. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 J. Emmett Duffy; Cheryl L. Morrison; Rubén Ríos (2000). "Multiple origins of eusociality among sponge-dwelling shrimps (Synalpheus)". Evolution 54 (2): 503–516. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00053.x. PMID 10937227. http://www.vims.edu/bio/mobee/Duffyetal2000.pdf. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Margarita Hermoso-Salazar; Mary Wicksten; Juan J. Morrone (2008). "Phylogenetic analysis of the Paulsoni species group (Decapoda: Alpheidae) from the American Pacific, with implications for the phylogenetic classification of the genus Synalpheus". Zootaxa 1744: 19–30. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1744.1.2. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/z01744p030f.pdf. 
  4. ↑ W. W. L. Au; K. Banks (1998). "The acoustics of the snapping shrimp Synalpheus parneomeris in Kaneohe Bay". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103 (1): 41–47. doi:10.1121/1.423234. Bibcode: 1998ASAJ..103...41A. 
  5. ↑ Hultgren, Kristin M.; Macdonald III, Kenneth s; Duffy, J. Emmett (2011). "Sponge-dwelling snapping shrimps (Alpheidae: Synalpheus) of Barbados, West Indies, with a description of a new eusocial species". Zootaxa 2834: 1–16. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2834.1.1. http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/37034/37034.pdf. 
  6. ↑ Anker, Arthur; Toth, Eva (2008). "A preliminary revision of the Synalpheus paranuptunus Coutiere, 1909 species complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae)". Zootaxa 1915: 1–28. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1915.1.1. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/z01915p028f.pdf. 
  7. ↑ Bornbusch, Sarah L.; Lefcheck, Jonathan S.; Duffy, J. Emmett (2018-03-14). Lutermann, Heike. ed. "Allometry of individual reproduction and defense in eusocial colonies: A comparative approach to trade-offs in social sponge-dwelling Synalpheus shrimps" (in en). PLOS ONE 13 (3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193305. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 29538466. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Morrison, Cheryl L; Rios, Ruben; Duffy, J Emmett (May 2004). "Phylogenetic evidence for an ancient rapid radiation of Caribbean sponge-dwelling snapping shrimps (Synalpheus)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30 (3): 563–581. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00252-5. PMID 15012939. Bibcode: 2004MolPE..30..563M. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Macdonald III, Kenneth S.; Rios, Ruben; Duffy, J. Emmett (23 February 2006). "Biodiversity, host specificity, and dominance by eusocial species among sponge-dwelling alpheid shrimp on the Belize Barrier Reef". Diversity and Distributions 12 (2): 165–178. doi:10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00213.x. Bibcode: 2006DivDi..12..165M. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2862&context=vimsarticles. 
  10. ↑ Brooks, Katherine C.; Maia, Rafael; Duffy, J. Emmett; Hultgren, Kristin M.; Rubenstein, Dustin R. (December 2017). Westneat, David. ed. "Ecological generalism facilitates the evolution of sociality in snapping shrimps" (in en). Ecology Letters 20 (12): 1516–1525. doi:10.1111/ele.12857. ISSN 1461-023X. PMID 28980422. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.12857. 
  11. ↑ Duffy, J. Emmett; Macdonald, Kenneth S. (4 November 2009). "Kin structure, ecology and the evolution of social organization in shrimp: a comparative analysis". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277 (1681): 575–584. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1483. PMID 19889706. 
  12. ↑ Duffy, J. Emmett; Macdonald III, Kenneth S.; Hultgren, Kristin M.; Chak, Tin Chi Solomon; Rubenstein, Dustin R. (13 February 2013). "Decline and local extinction of Caribbean eusocial shrimp". PLOS ONE 8 (2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054637. PMID 23418429. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...854637D. 

Further reading

Wikidata ☰ Q3934246 entry



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