Biology:Taenaris
| Taenaris | |
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| Taenaris artemis | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Tribe: | Amathusiini |
| Genus: | Taenaris Hübner, 1819[1] |
| Type species | |
| Papilio urania Linnaeus, 1758
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| Synonyms | |
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Taenaris is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Amathusiinae, that distributed throughout Australasia with a majority of species being located on the island of New Guinea. They are commonly known as the owl butterflies.[2]
Taenaris are showy medium to large butterflies with predominantly white wings often featuring extensive patches of black, gray, or tan coloration. They are best known for their rounded hindwings which feature well developed eyespots, most of which are yellow in color with blue-black "pupils".[2] Due to their larval diet consisting of toxic cycasin-rich foodplants, many members of genus are involved within Müllerian mimicry complexes.
Distribution
Members of the genus Taenaris are found throughout Southeast Asia and Australasia. Their range extends from Malaysia and into the Moluccas and New Guinea and as far east as the Solomon Islands and as far south as the Torres Strait and Cape York, Australia. A majority of species are concentrated on the island of New Guinea, and thus east of Weber's line.[2] Only a few species extend beyond New Guinea, including Taenaris horsfeldii (found in Sundaland and west of Weber's line), Taenaris phorcas (Bismark Archipelago and Solomon Archipelago), and Taenaris urania (Moluccas).[2]
Mimicry
Members of the genus Taenaris often serve as models within Müllerian mimicry complexes with a variety of different butterfly species, owing to their exclusive diet of Cycads and high levels of toxic cycasin within their bodies.[3] Mimics of Taenaris species include pale forms of Papilio aegeus (Papilionidae), Elymnias agondas (Nymphalidae),[2] Hypolimnas deois (Nymphalidae),[4] Mycalesis drusillodes (Nymphalidae),[3] and Hyantis hodeva (Nymphalidae).[3]
Papilio aegeus
Elymnias agondas
Hyantis hodeva
Hypolimnas deois
Species
- unknown species group
- Taenaris alocus Brooks, 1950
- Taenaris artemis (Vollenhoven, 1860)
- Taenaris bioculatus (Guérin-Méneville, [1830])
- Taenaris butleri (Oberthür, 1880)
- Taenaris catops (Westwood, 1851)
- Taenaris chionides (Godman & Salvin, 1880)
- Taenaris cyclops Staudinger, 1894
- Taenaris diana Butler, 1870
- Taenaris dimona (Hewitson, 1862)
- Taenaris dina Staudinger, 1894
- Taenaris dioptrica (Vollenhoven, 1860)
- Taenaris domitilla (Hewitson, 1861)
- Taenaris gorgo (Kirsch, 1877)
- Taenaris honrathi Staudinger, 1887
- Taenaris horsfieldii (Swainson, [1820])
- Taenaris hyperbolus (Kirsch, 1877)
- Taenaris macrops (C. & R. Felder, 1860)
- Taenaris mailua Grose-Smith, 1897
- Taenaris montana Stichel, 1906
- Taenaris myops (C. & R. Felder, 1860)
- Taenaris onolaus (Kirsch, 1877)
- Taenaris phorcas (Westwood, 1858)
- Taenaris scylla Staudinger, 1887
- Taenaris selene (Westwood, 1851)
- Taenaris urania (Linnaeus, 1758)
- morphotenaris species group
- Taenaris nivescens (Rothschild, 1896)
- Taenaris schoenbergi (Fruhstorfer, 1893)
References
- ↑ Taenaris at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Lambkin, Trevor A. (September 2010). "A review of Taenaris Hübner (lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Amathusiinae) in Queensland, together with first Australian records for T. Myops Kirschistaudinger and Elymnias agondas melanippe Grose-smith (satyrinae)". Australian Entomologist 37 (3): 77–92. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294779788. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Nash, Robert J.; Arthur Bell, E.; Ackery, Phillip R. (June 1992). "The protective role of cycasin in cycad-feeding lepidoptera". Phytochemistry 31 (6): 1955–1957. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(92)80340-K. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422%2892%2980340-K. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ↑ Lohman, David J.; Sarino, Sarino; Peggie, Djunijanti (30 June 2020). "Syntopic Elymnias Agondas Aruana Female Forms Mimic Different Taenaris Model Species (Papilionoidea: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) on Aru, Indonesia". Treubia 47 (1): 1–12. doi:10.14203/treubia.v47i1.3821. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Members-of-the-Taenaris-mimicry-ring-on-Aru-Each-specimen-image-is-a-composite-showing_fig1_342568984. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
Wikidata ☰ Q33707 entry
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