Biology:Tagetes

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Short description: Genus of flowering plant

Marigold
Tagetes erecta chendumalli chedi.jpg
Tagetes erecta
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Tageteae
Subtribe: Pectidinae
Genus: Tagetes
L.[1]
Synonyms
  • Diglossus Cass.
  • Enalcida Cass.
  • Solenotheca Nutt.
  • Vilobia Strother

Tagetes (/tæˈdʒiːtiːz/) is a genus[2] of 50 species of annual or perennial, mostly herbaceous plants in the family Asteraceae. They are among several groups of plants known in English as marigolds. The genus Tagetes was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[3][4]

These plants are native to Mexico, growing naturally from Mexico's valley down to the south and even reaching several other Latinamerican countries, but some species have become naturalized around the world. One species, T. minuta, is considered a noxious invasive plant in some areas.[2]

Description

Tagetes species vary in size from 0.1 to 2.2 m tall. Most species have pinnate green leaves. Blooms naturally occur in golden, orange, yellow, and white colors, often with maroon highlights. Floral heads are typically (1-) to 4–6 cm diameter, generally with both ray florets and disc florets. In horticulture, they tend to be planted as annuals, although the perennial species are gaining popularity. They have fibrous roots.[citation needed]

Depending on the species, Tagetes species grow well in almost any sort of soil. Most horticultural selections grow best in soil with good drainage, and some cultivars are known to have good tolerance to drought.[5]

Nomenclature

The Latin Tagētes derives from the Tages in Etruscan mythology, born from plowing the earth.[6] It likely refers to the ease with which plants of this genus come out each year either by the seeds produced in the previous year, or by the stems which regrow from the stump already in place.[7]

The common name in English, marigold, is derived from Mary's gold, a name first applied to a similar plant native to Europe, Calendula officinalis.[8][9][10]

The most commonly cultivated varieties of Tagetes are known variously as African marigolds (usually referring to cultivars and hybrids of Tagetes erecta), or French marigolds (usually referring to hybrids and cultivars of Tagetes patula, many of which were developed in France). The so-called signet marigolds are hybrids derived mostly from Tagetes tenuifolia.[citation needed]

Cultivation and uses

Tagetes patula flowers

Depending on the species, marigold foliage has a musky, pungent scent, though some varieties have been bred to be scentless. Due to antibacterial thiophenes exuded by the roots, Tagetes should not be planted near any legume crop.[11] Some of the perennial species are deer-, rabbit-, rodent- and javelina or peccary-resistant.[11]

T. minuta (khakibush or huacatay), originally from South America, has been used as a source of essential oil for the perfume and industry known as tagette or "marigold oil", and as a flavourant in the food and tobacco industries. It is commonly cultivated in South Africa , where the species is also a useful pioneer plant in the reclamation of disturbed land.[citation needed]

Gonepteryx rhamni sucking nectar

The florets of Tagetes erecta are rich in the orange-yellow carotenoid lutein and are used as a food colour (INS number E161b) in the European Union for foods such as pasta, vegetable oil, margarine, mayonnaise, salad dressing, baked goods, confectionery, dairy products, ice cream, yogurt, citrus juice and mustard. In the United States, however, the powders and extracts are only approved as colorants in poultry feed.[citation needed]

Marigolds are recorded as a food plant for some Lepidoptera caterpillars including the dot moth, and a nectar source for other butterflies and bumblebees. They are often part of butterfly gardening plantings. In the wild, many species are pollinated by beetles.[11]

Cultural significance

Tagetes lucida

The species Tagetes lucida, known as pericón, is used to prepare a sweetish, anise-flavored medicinal tea in Mexico. It is also used as a culinary herb in many warm climates, as a substitute for tarragon, and offered in the nursery as "Texas tarragon" or "Mexican mint marigold".[citation needed]

Tagetes minuta

Tagetes minuta, native to southern South America, is a tall, upright marigold plant with small flowers used as a culinary herb in Peru, Ecuador, and parts of Chile and Bolivia, where it is called by the Incan term huacatay. The paste is used to make the popular potato dish called ocopa. Having both "green" and "yellow/orange" notes, the taste and odor of fresh T. minuta is like a mixture of sweet basil, tarragon, mint and citrus. It is also used as a medicinal tea for gastrointestinal complaints and specifically against nematodes.[12][13]

Tagetes erecta

Tagetes erecta is widely used in Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico.[14]

Tagetes – various species

Marigolds decorating a grave for Day of the Dead in Mexico

In Bangladesh, India and other South Asian countries, marigold is used for ornamentation purposes in functions like turmeric ceremony, weddings, Pohela Falgun and other functions. During the colonial period the native varieties of these flowers were replaced by American species like T. erecta, T. patula and T. tenuifolia. The marigold is also widely cultivated in India and Thailand, particularly the species T. erecta, Tagetes patula and T. tenuifolia. It is always sold in the markets for daily worship and rituals. Vast quantities of marigolds are used in garlands and decoration for weddings, festivals, and religious events. Marigold cultivation is extensively seen in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh (for the Vijayadashami and Diwali markets[15]) states of India.

In Ukraine , chornobryvtsi (T. erecta, T. patula and the signet marigold, l. tenuifolia) are regarded as one of the national symbols, and are often mentioned in songs, poems and tales.[citation needed]


Species

Accepted species[16]


Gallery

  • Yellow Marigold

  • A marigold

  • Tagetes patula
    (hybrid marigold)

  • Tagetes patula

  • Tagetes erecta

  • Tagetes flowers

  • Newly grown plants in West Bengal, India.

  • 'Maxima Yellow' (Philippines )

  • Marigold varieties prepared as offerings to a god during the Hindu festival of Maha Shivaratri

  • Marigold on an altar in Mexico

  • Marigold flowers. Eastern Siberia

References

  1. ↑ "Genus: Tagetes L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2011-01-06. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11840. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Soule, J. A. 1996. Infrageneric Systematics of Tagetes. Pgs. 435-443 in Compositae: Systematics, Proceedings of the International Compositae Conference, Kew 1994, Vol. I, Eds. D.J.N. Hind & H.J. Beentje.
  3. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 887 in Latin
  4. ↑ "Tropicos | Name - !Tagetes L.". http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40009619. 
  5. ↑ Cicevan R, Al Hassan M, Sestras AF, Prohens J, Vicente O, Sestras RE, Boscaiu M. (2016) Screening for drought tolerance in cultivars of the ornamental genus Tagetes (Asteraceae) PeerJ 4:e2133 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2133
  6. ↑ Everett, Thomas H. (1982). The New York Botanical Garden illustrated encyclopedia of horticulture. Taylor & Francis. p. 3290. ISBN 978-0-8240-7240-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=KeGzp-YXrPYC&pg=PA3290. 
  7. ↑ Filippi, Olivier (2007) (in fr). Pour un jardin sans arrosage (For a garden without irrigation). Arles: Actes Sud. p. 188. ISBN 978-2-7427-6730-4. 
  8. ↑ Julio Perez (October 26, 2023). "Marigolds: Blooms of Cultural Significance". https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/putnamco/2023/10/26/marigolds-blooms-of-cultural-significance/. 
  9. ↑ "Marigold - Tagetes sp.". May 2, 2021. https://gardening.usask.ca/articles-and-lists/articles-plant-descriptions/annuals/marigold.php. 
  10. ↑ Brother John M. Samaha, S.M.. "Marigolds: Mary's Gold". https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/m/marigolds-marys-gold.php. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Soule, J. A. 1993. Biosystematics of Tagetes (Compositae). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas.
  12. ↑ Weaver, David K.; Wells, Carl D.; Dunkel, Florence V.; Bertsch, Wolfgang; Sing, Sharlene E.; Sriharan, Shobha (1 December 1994). "Insecticidal Activity of Floral, Foliar, and Root Extracts of Tagetes minuta (Asterales: Asteraceae) Against Adult Mexican Bean Weevils (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)". Journal of Economic Entomology 87 (6): 1718–1725. doi:10.1093/jee/87.6.1718. 
  13. ↑ Soule, J. A. 1993. Tagetes minuta: A Potential New Herb from South America. Pgs. 649-654 in New Crops, Proceedings of the New Crops Conference 1993, Eds. J. Janick & J. E. Simon.
  14. ↑ "Cuál es el origen y significado de la flor de cempasúchil, la reina de los altares de muertos en México" (in es). BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-54756885. 
  15. ↑ Gupta, Y .C.; Y. D. Sharma (2002-09-09). "Let the flower of gods bless you". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India (web site). http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020909/agro.htm#3. 
  16. ↑ The Plant List, search for Tagetes
  17. ↑ "Plants Profile for Tagetes lemmonii (Lemmon's marigold)". https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=TALE. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q147552 entry



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