Biology:Tapellaria

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Tapellaria is a genus of leaf-dwelling lichens in the family Pilocarpaceae.[1] These lichens form thin, paint-like crusts on their host surfaces and are found mainly in tropical regions of the Americas, with about twenty known species. The genus was first proposed in 1890 by the lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis. Tapellaria lichens reproduce both sexually through small black disc-shaped structures and asexually through distinctive hood-shaped outgrowths that release thread-like spores.

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by the lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1890, with Tapellaria herpetospora assigned as the type species.[2] The combination of a chlorococcoid [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], black [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] apothecia, Pilocarpaceae-type asci, muriform or transversely septate spores, and—most decisively—the hood-shaped [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] with multi-septate thread-like conidia sets Tapellaria apart from superficially similar foliicolous genera such as Badimiella and Kantvilasia.[3]

Description

Tapellaria forms a thin, paint-like crust (a crustose thallus) that sits flush against its leaf or bark substrate and never develops an outer skin (it is [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]). A separate [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]—an early growth fringe visible in some lichens—is absent. Microscopic examination reveals a partner alga with spherical green cells 6–18 μm across; these [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] cells supply the lichen's photosynthetic energy.[3]

The sexual reproductive bodies are small, black apothecia that rest on the thallus surface, pinched slightly at the base. Their flattened [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] remain plane for most of their life and may carry a faint grey or white dusting ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]). Surrounding each disc is a low rim (the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) that is the same colour as the disc itself; in cross-section it resembles a shallow cup whose walls are built from dark-pigmented, brick-like cells. Inside, the clear (hyaline) hymenium stains blue with iodine (KI+), indicating the presence of starch-like compounds, and remains firmly gelatinous when treated with potassium hydroxide solution. Slender threads called paraphyses weave through this layer, repeatedly branching and re-joining without swollen tips.[3]

The asci are broad and club-shaped and conform to the Pilocarpaceae type: their walls stain a vivid blue in iodine, and the upper cap ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) is thickened and deeply amyloid, pierced by a narrow axial column. Each ascus contains one to eight colourless ascospores, either with several cross-walls (transversely septate) or with both cross- and longitudinal walls forming a brick-like ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) pattern; the spores are ellipsoid to cylindrical and lack any gelatinous envelope.[3]

Asexual propagation occurs in distinctive, hood-shaped outgrowths called [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]. These tiny, erect structures sport in-rolled flaps that protect the spore-producing surface. They release long, thread-like ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) conidia divided by three to seven septa; the spores are often slightly curved and may detach with small algal cells attached, allowing the lichen to disperse as a ready-made symbiotic unit. No characteristic secondary metabolites have been detected in the genus.[3]

Ecology

Ecologically, Tapellaria is almost entirely tropical, with about twenty recognised species centred in the Neotropics, and most species grow directly on living leaves (foliicolous).[3]

Species

  • Tapellaria albomarginata Lücking (2011)[4]
  • Tapellaria bilimbioides R.Sant. (1952)[5]
  • Tapellaria corticola Kalb & Vězda (1987)[6]
  • Tapellaria epiphylla (Müll.Arg.) R.Sant. (1952)[7]
  • Tapellaria floridensis Common & Lücking (2011)[8]
  • Tapellaria gilva Zahlbr. (1911)
  • Tapellaria granulosa Lücking & Rivas Plata (2011)[8]
  • Tapellaria herpetospora Müll.Arg. (1890)[2]
  • Tapellaria intermedia Flakus & Lücking (2008)[9] – Bolivia
  • Tapellaria isidiata Kalb & Aptroot (2021)[10] – Cameroon
  • Tapellaria leonorae M.Cáceres & Lücking (2000)[11] – Brazil
  • Tapellaria major (Lücking) Lücking (1999)[12]
  • Tapellaria malmei R.Sant. (1952)[13]
  • Tapellaria marcellae Lücking (1999)[14] – Ecuador
  • Tapellaria moelleri (Henriq. ex Nyl.) R.Sant. (1952)[7]
  • Tapellaria nana (Fée) R.Sant. (1952)[15]
  • Tapellaria nigrata (Müll.Arg.) R.Sant. (1952)[16]
  • Tapellaria palaeotropica G.Neuwirth & Stock.-Wörg. (2017)[17]
  • Tapellaria parvimuriformis W.C.Wang & J.C.Wei (2020)[18] – Thailand
  • Tapellaria phyllophila (Stirt.) R.Sant. (1952)[7]
  • Tapellaria puiggarii (Müll.Arg.) R.Sant. (1952)[19]
  • Tapellaria samoana Zahlbr. (1907)
  • Tapellaria saxicola Vězda & Poelt (1988)[20]
  • Tapellaria schindleri Kalb & Vězda (1987)[6]
  • Tapellaria similis Kalb (1992)[21]

References

  1. ↑ "Tapellaria". Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/CF7SG. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Müller-Argoviensis, J. (1890) (in la). Lichenes Epiphylli Novi. H. Georg. p. 11. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Kantvilas, G. (2024). "Tapellaria, version 2024:1". Flora of Tasmania Online. Hobart: Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. https://flora.tmag.tas.gov.au/lichen-genera/tapellaria/. 
  4. ↑ Lumbsch, H.T.; Ahti, T.; Altermann, S.; De Paz, G.A.; Aptroot, A.; Arup, U. et al. (2011). "One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity". Phytotaxa 18 (1): 9–11. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1. Bibcode: 2011Phytx..18....1L. http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/p00018p127f.pdf. 
  5. ↑ Santesson 1952, p. 498.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kalb, K.; Vězda, A. (1987). "Einige nicht-foliicole Arten der Familie Ectolechiaceae (Lichenes) aus Brasilien" (in de). Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 22 (3): 287–312. doi:10.1007/BF02854629. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Thorold, C.A. (1952). "The epiphytes of Theobroma cacao in relation to the incidence of black-pod disease in Nigeria". Journal of Ecology 40 (1): 125–142. doi:10.2307/2258025. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lücking, Robert; Seavey, Frederick; Common, Ralph S.; Beeching, Sean Q.; Breuss, Othmar; Buck, William R. et al. (2011). "The lichens of Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park, Florida: Proceedings from the 18th Tuckerman Workshop". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 46 (4): 127–186. doi:10.58782/flmnh.sofw5435. https://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/ja_iitf_2011_Lucking001.pdf.  open access
  9. ↑ Flakus, Adam; Lücking, Robert (2008). "New species and additional records of foliicolous lichenized fungi from Bolivia". The Lichenologist 40 (5): 423–436. doi:10.1017/S0024282908007378. Bibcode: 2008ThLic..40..423F. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255720160. 
  10. ↑ Kalb, Klaus; Aptroot, André (2021). "New lichens from Africa". Archive for Lichenology 28: 1–12. http://www.fschumm.de/Archive/Vol%2028_Kalb_new%20records%20Africa.pdf. 
  11. ↑ Cáceres, M.; Lücking, R. (2000). "Three new species and one new combination of foliicolous lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the Atlantic rainforest in Pernambuco state, Brazil". Nova Hedwigia 70 (1–2): 217–226. doi:10.1127/nova.hedwigia/70/2000/217. Bibcode: 2000NovaH..70..217C. 
  12. ↑ Lücking, R. (1999). "Verbesserungen zur Kenntnis der foliikolen Flechtenflora Costa Ricas. Die Familie Ectolechiaceae" (in de). Phyton 39 (1): 131–165. 
  13. ↑ Santesson 1952, p. 502.
  14. ↑ Lücking, R. (1999). "Foliicolous lichens and their lichenicolous fungi from Ecuador, with a comparison of lowland and montane rainforest". Willdenowia 29 (1–2): 299–335. doi:10.3372/wi.29.2924. Bibcode: 1999Willd..29..299L. 
  15. ↑ Santesson 1952, p. 507.
  16. ↑ Santesson 1952, p. 499.
  17. ↑ Neuwirth, Gerhard; Stocker-Wörgötter, Elfie (2017). "Tapellaria palaeotropica (Pilocarpaceae), a new foliicolous lichen species from the Seychelles, and a world key to the genus". The Lichenologist 49 (3): 253–258. doi:10.1017/S0024282917000147. Bibcode: 2017ThLic..49..253N. 
  18. ↑ Wang, Wei-Cheng; Sangvichien, Ek; Wei, Tie-Zheng; Wei, Jiang-Chun (2020). "A molecular phylogeny of Pilocarpaceae Zahlbr., including a new species of Tapellaria Müll. Arg. and new records of foliicolous lichenized fungi from Thailand". The Lichenologist 52 (5): 377–385. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000328. Bibcode: 2020ThLic..52..377W. 
  19. ↑ Santesson 1952, p. 500.
  20. ↑ Vězda, A.; Poelt, J. (1998). "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Flechtenflora des Himalaya I. Einige neue oder bemerkenswerte gyalectoide und foliicole Flechten". Nova Hedwigia 47 (3–4): 415–427. 
  21. ↑ Kalb, K.; Hafellner, J. (1992). "Bemerkenswerte Flechten und lichenicole Pilze von der Insel Madeira" (in de). Herzogia 9 (1–2): 45–102. doi:10.1127/herzogia/9/1992/45. Bibcode: 1992Herz....9...45K. 
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Cited literature

  • Santesson, R. (1952). Foliicolous lichens. I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. 12. pp. 1–590. 

Wikidata ☰ Q7684526 entry



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