Biology:Tapinocephalus

Short description: Extinct genus of therapsids

Tapinocephalus Temporal range: 264.28–259.51 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Guadalupian epoch, Capitanian stage
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Synapsida
Clade:	Therapsida
Suborder:	†Dinocephalia
Family:	†Tapinocephalidae
Subtribe:	†Tapinocephalina
Genus:	†Tapinocephalus Owen, 1876
Species:	†T. atherstonei
Binomial name
†Tapinocephalus atherstonei Owen, 1876
Synonyms
Phocosaurus Taurops Broom, 1912

Tapinocephalus ("humble head") is an extinct genus of large herbivorous dinocephalians that lived during the Middle Permian Period in what is now South Africa . Only the type species, Tapinocephalus atherstonei is now considered valid for this genus.

Description

Tapinocephalus atherstonei shoulder girdle and front limb, specimen 5611.

These stocky, barrel-bodied animals were characterised by a massive bony skull roof and short weak snout. It is thought that, like other tapinocephalians, they engaged in intraspecific head-butting, possibly to compete for territory or mates. In life, they were over 3 metres (10 ft) in length and massed around 1.5 to 2 tonnes (3,300 to 4,400 lb), making them among the largest animals of their time.

Tapinocephalus atherstonei is known from a number of skulls and postcranial bones. The skull is large with a heavily pachyostotic skull roof, a massive bony frontals and a short weak Moschops-like snout.

Distribution

The fossil remains (skull and postcranial elements) of Tapinocephalus are known from the Lower, Middle, and Upper part of the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone (Capitanian age) of the Lower Beaufort Beds of the South Africa n Karoo.

Taxonomy

Taurops is considered as a synonym of Tapinocephalus. Phocosaurus megischion is another synonym differing only in that the transition from the frontals to the snout is not abrupt.

See also

• List of therapsids

Sources

• Boonstra, L.D. 1956, "The skull of Tapinocephalus and its near relatives" Annals of the South African Museum, 43 Part 3 pp. 137–169, 17 figs, plate 4.
• 1969. The fauna of the Tapinocephalus Zone (Beaufort beds of the Karoo). Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 56:1–73.
• King, Gillian M., 1988 "Anomodontia" Part 17 C, Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Gutsav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart and New York.

External links

• "Tapinocephalia - Tapinocephalus". http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/400Therapsida/650.html#Tapinocephalus. 
• M. A. Cluver. "The early mammal-like reptiles". http://www.museums.org.za/sam/resource/palaeo/cluver/early.htm. 
• "NAPC 2001". https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/napc/abs20.html. 

Wikidata ☰ Q134559 entry